Trending gabapentin exposures in Kentucky after legislation requiring use of the state prescription drug monitoring program for all opioid prescriptions .

OBJECTIVE: Gabapentin is a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) analog approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for partial seizures and post-herpetic neuralgia. Due to its wide therapeutic window and minimal adverse effects, it is frequently prescribed for additional off-label uses. The purpose of this study was to characterize the number, exposure reason, medical outcomes, and disposition of gabapentin exposures reported to one regional poison control center (PCC).

METHODS: A retrospective cross-sectional review of exposures reported to one regional PCC was performed from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2015. The primary outcomes were the number of gabapentin-only exposures and multi-agent exposures including gabapentin reported. Exposure reason, medical outcome, and disposition were identified for each exposure.

RESULTS: There were 424 gabapentin-only exposures during the study period. The number of exposures increased each year, from 39 in 2012 to 160 in 2015. There were 1321 multi-agent exposures that included gabapentin. These exposures increased from 165 in 2012 to 440 in 2015. Comparatively, total human exposures reported to the regional PCC decreased during the study period. The majority of gabapentin-only and multi-agent exposures was intentional versus unintentional. Nine patients (2%) had a major medical outcome and three patients (1%) died in the gabapentin-only group. Comparatively, 76 patients (6%) had a major medical outcome and 12 patients (1%) died in the multi-agent group. Almost half of the multi-agent exposures required admission to the intensive care unit (ICU).

CONCLUSIONS: Both gabapentin-only and multi-agent exposures increased significantly from 2012 to 2015, with the majority of cases intentional ingestion, specifically suspected suicide. The increased number of gabapentin exposures coincided with Kentucky's implementation of prescription opioid reform legislation. Providers are encouraged to call their local PCC, regardless of exposure type, to effectively monitor and evaluate exposure trends.