Stabilization of Dispersed Oil Droplets in Nanoemulsions by Synergistic Effects of Gemini Surfactant, PHPA Polymer and Silica Nanoparticle.

Nanoemulsion systems comprising n-heptane (oleic component), stabilized by {gemini surfactant (14-6-14 GS) + polymer (PHPA) + silica (SiO2) nanoparticle} shell, and dispersed in aqueous phase, were synthesized by ultrasonication (high-energy method). Influence of ultrasonication time on nanoemulsion kinetics was investigated to predict the saturation droplet diameter. Morphological analysis by cryoTEM imaging showed that oleic phase appears as uniformly dispersed spherical droplets in 14-6-14 GS stabilized nanoemulsion; which on PHPA addition changes into a network structure consisting of larger oil droplets. 14-6-14 + PHPA + SiO2 nanoemulsion systems show more effective packing arrangement with irregular-shaped (non-spherical) droplets. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) studies identified droplet size distribution profiles in the range 4.2-25.4 nm for surfactant-stabilized nanoemulsion; 125.9-358.8 nm for surfactant-polymer nanoemulsion; and 88.4-222.3 nm for surfactant-polymer-nanoparticle based nanoemulsion in optimal dosage(s). Statistical analyses were performed using normal, log-normal and Cauchy-Lorentz distribution functions. A modified form of Hinze theory was employed to model droplet behavior in analysed nanoemulsion systems. Zeta potential values of nanoemulsions were studied at different time intervals to determine kinetic stability as well as corroborate Hinze model findings. In summary, this article aims at investigating nanoemulsion droplet stability by thorough examination of electrostatic repulsive barrier and steric hindrance effects.