Youth-Onset Type 2 Diabetes and the Developing Brain.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review describes the literature evaluating the potential adverse effects of youth-onset type 2 diabetes on the developing brain. A summary of recently published articles and the current state of knowledge are covered succinctly in this manuscript.

RECENT FINDINGS: Current literature suggests both cognitive and brain structural differences are found in youth with type 2 diabetes. Studies have shown poorer scores in a number of neurocognitive domains, particularly in areas of executive functioning and memory. Additionally, imaging studies have found differences in brain gray matter volume, white matter volume, and microstructural integrity. These findings are largely consistent with the adult literature. Youth with type 2 diabetes demonstrate lower cognitive scores and structural brain differences. Although causality has not yet been established, these findings are important because these individuals are still undergoing neurodevelopmental maturation.