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Resorbable PCEC/gelatin-bismuth doped bioglass-graphene oxide bilayer membranes for guided bone regeneration.

Biomedical Materials 2019 January 22
Guided bone regeneration (GBR) is a therapeutic modality applied prior to dental implant placement to increase bone density at the defect site or during placement for directing bone growth around implant. In this study, an asymmetric, bilayer structure was prepared by covalently bonding a dense polycaprolactone - polyethylene glycol - polycaprolactone (PCEC) membrane layer with a hydrogel layer of bismuth doped bioactive glass (BG, 45S5) and graphene oxide (GO) particles incorporated gelatin. Structural and mechanical properties (surface morphology and chemistry, thickness, tensile strength, degradation rate of GBR membranes) were studied. Membranes had a 3D structure having almost 1 mm thickness which is suitable for space filling. Highest tensile strength (TS) (1.71 ± 0.10 MPa, p<0.001) was observed for membranes having highest BG containing group (BG20) while lowest TS was observed (1.23 ± 0.11 MPa, p<0.001) for BG8/GO2 samples. Similarly, BG20 involving bilayer structures hydrolytically degraded slower in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (23 ± 5% in 4 weeks) than its counterparts while biodegraded at equal rate with other GBR membranes in lipase (BG20 as 72 ± 3%, BG10 as 69 ± 1%, BG8/GO2 as 71 ± 7% and BG2/GO8 as 74 ± 8%) . BG8/GO2, displayed lowest gelatin (GEL) release in PBS over 28 days period (175 ± 9% and 164 ± 10% mgGEL/gsample , p<0.001). However, all bilayer membranes displayed a similar rate of degradation in lipase solution and also had similar bioactivity in simulated body fluid. Significantly higher cell proliferation (p<0.001) and osteogenic differentiation (p<0.001) of human dental pulp stem cells were observed in BG20 and BG10 membrane groups than all other groups. On the other hand, GO presence decreased both mechanical and osteoinductive properties compared to pure BG counterparts. Collectively, bilayer membranes for GBR were successfully produced to have two layers designed to prevent fibrous tissue movement towards bone defect while enabling bone regeneration. BG20 membrane groups demonstrated higher calcium phosphate deposition tensile strength, cellular growth and osteogenic differentiation.

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