Self-Reported Hearing/Visual Loss and Mortality in Middle-Aged and Older Adults: Findings from the Komo-Ise Cohort, Japan.

BACKGROUND: The association of sensory loss with mortality remains unclear. We aimed to explore the association of hearing loss (HL), visual loss (VL), and dual sensory loss (DSL) with survival.

METHODS: Data came from the Komo-Ise study cohort in Gunma prefecture, Japan, where the community-dwelling residents aged 40-69 years were followed up from 1993 to 2010. 9522 individuals who answered the follow-up questionnaires in 2000 (average age 64 (range 47 to 77) in 2000) were analyzed. The primary exposures were "HL only," "VL only," or " DSL" with "no HL/VL" as the reference. These sensory loss statuses were assessed by asking the difficulty in hearing conversation or reading newspaper even with aids in the follow-up questionnaires in 2000. All-cause and cause-specific mortality were ascertained from linkage to death certificate data. Cox proportional hazards models adjusting for confounders including demographic factors, socioeconomic status, and health status were used. Potential mediators (depression, walking disability, and social participation) were additionally adjusted for.

RESULTS: 1105 deaths occurred over the 10-year follow-up. After adjustment for the potential confounders, HL and DSL were associated with increased all-cause mortality (hazard ratio of 1.74 (95% CI, 1.18-2.57) and 1.63 (95% CI, 1.09-2.42), respectively). Potential mediators explained a modest portion of the association. As for cause-specific mortality, HL was associated with increased cancer mortality, while VL and DSL were associated with increased cardiovascular disease mortality.

CONCLUSIONS: Self-reported HL and DSL may be risk factors of mortality among middle-aged or elderly Japanese populations.