Updated systematic review and meta-analysis on the role of isometric resistance training for resting blood pressure management in adults.

BACKGROUND AND METHOD: This meta-analysis sought to: quantify the effects of isometric resistance training (IRT) on the magnitude of change in systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and resting heart rate in adults; and examine whether the magnitude of change in SBP, DBP, MAP and heart rate was different with respect to the patient demographic characteristics and IRT parameters. To be included in the meta-analysis, studies had to be randomized controlled trials lasting 2 or more weeks, investigating the effects of IRT on blood pressure in adults. The methodological quality of the studies selected was evaluated using the PEDro scale. For each main outcome measure, an average effect size and its respective 95% confidence intervals were calculated.

RESULTS: A total of 16 articles (492 participants) fulfilled the selection criteria (mean quality score in the PEDro scale of 5.9). Compared with control groups, IRT groups showed statistically significant (P < 0.05) and clinically relevant (>2 mmHg) positive effects on the SBP (-5.23 mmHg) and MAP (-2.9 mmHg). IRT groups also showed statistically significant, but not clinically relevant reduction in DBP (-1.64 mmHg). Furthermore, IRT groups did not report any statistically significant and clinically relevant (>5 bpm) effect on resting heart rate (-0.08 bpm).

CONCLUSION: The analysis of moderator variables showed that none of them exhibited a statistically significant relationship with the positive effects of IRT for lowering blood pressure. Therefore, IRT may be considered an appropriate nonpharmacologic treatment for lowering SBP and MAP.