Imaging aortic wall inflammation.

Inflammation affects the aortic wall through complex pathways that alter its biomechanical structure and cellular composition. Inflammatory processes that predominantly affect the intima cause occlusive disease whereas medial inflammation and degeneration cause aneurysm formation. Aortic inflammatory pathways share common metabolic features that can be localized by smart contrast agents and radiolabelled positron emission tomography (PET) tracers. 18 F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (18 F-FDG) is a non-specific marker of metabolism and has been widely used to study aortic inflammation in various diseased aortic states. Although useful in detecting disease, 18 F-FDG has yet to demonstrate a reliable link between vessel wall disease and clinical progression. 18 F-Sodium fluoride (18 F-NaF) is a promising biological tracer that detects microcalcification related to active disease and cellular necrosis within the vessel wall. 18 F-NaF shows a high affinity to bind to diseased arterial tissue irrespective of the underlying inflammatory process. In abdominal aortic aneurysms, 18 F-NaF PET/CT predicts increased rates of growth and important clinical end-points, such as rupture or the requirement for repair. Much work remains to be done to bridge the gap between detecting aortic inflammation in at-risk individuals and predicting adverse clinical events. Novel radiotracers may hold the key to improve our understanding of vessel wall biology and how this relates to patients. Combined with established clinical and morphological assessment techniques, PET imaging promises to improve disease detection and clinical risk stratification.