Total synthesis of 13 C 2 , 15 N-imidacloprid with three stable isotopes in the pyridine ring.

Imidacloprid (IC) is one of the most important crop-protecting insecticides worldwide and commonly used for seed treatment. However, only few data is available on human toxicity of IC. Having in view the metabolic studies at low doses in humans and residue analysis of IC in food and consumer products, we elaborated the synthesis and prepared 13 C2 ,15 N-IC with three stable isotopes of the "heavy" atoms in positions 1, 2 and 3 of the pyridine ring. By using readily available and affordable starting materials, 15 NH4 Cl and 13 C4 -acetic anhydride, the target compound has been prepared in eight steps with an overall yield of 13%.