Recent Progress on Molybdenum Oxides for Rechargeable Batteries.

Diminution in fossil-fuel resources and rise in energy demands require us to pursuit sustainable and rechargeable energy-storage alternatives including batteries and supercapacitors, whose electrochemical properties depend largely on the electrode materials. In the past decades, numerous electrode materials with excellent electrochemical energy-storage capability, long life span, and environmentally acceptable quality have been developed. Among the existed materials, molybdenum oxides containing MoO3 and MoO2 as well as their composites are very fascinating contenders for competent energy-storage devices because of their exceptional physicochemical properties like the thermal stability, high theoretical capability and mechanical strength. This review dedicates mainly on the latest progress on molybdenum oxides as electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) and other novel batteries like lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries, lithium-oxygen (Li-O2) batteries as well as the newly-developed hydrogen ion batteries with focus on the studies of the reaction mechanism, design of the electrode structures and improvement of the electrochemical properties.