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[Tumor neuroendocrino ano-rectal: desde un pólipo con buen pronóstico hasta un carcinoma letal].

INTRODUCCIÓN: Aunque los tumores neuroendocrinos rectales son neoplasias poco frecuentes, su incidencia está aumentando en las tres últimas décadas. El objetivo de este trabajo es el estudio del comportamiento de dichos tumores basándonos en sus variables clínicas, diagnósticas, terapéuticas y anatomopatológicas en un hospital terciario.

MÉTODO: Estudio retrospectivo de los tumores neuroendocrinos rectales desde el año 2000 hasta el año 2017 en nuestro hospital. Se realizó una búsqueda informatizada en el programa SNOMED del servicio de anatomía patológica, empleando los criterios «tumor neuroendocrino» y «tumor carcinoide».

RESULTADOS: Se hallaron 16 pacientes con tumor neuroendocrino ano-rectal. El 75% eran varones. La mediana de edad fue de 53 años (rango: 34-83). El diagnóstico fue incidental en el 62,5%. El tratamiento fue endoscópico en 13 (81%) pacientes y quirúrgico en 3 (19%). El 75% de las lesiones fueron T1. El 68,7% de los tumores presentaban un grado de agresividad G1. La media de seguimiento fue de 29 meses; no hubo recidivas. Durante el seguimiento fallecieron 3 (18,5%) pacientes, todos ellos con tumor G3 metastásico, y la supervivencia media fue de 8 meses.

CONCLUSIONES: Los tumores neuroendocrinos rectales son cada vez más frecuentes y presentan unos patrones variables, cuyo pronóstico dependerá de su agresividad histológica. El aumento de su incidencia puede deberse a una mayor concienciación de la existencia de estos tumores, a las campañas de cribado del cáncer colorrectal, al aumento del número de colonoscopias realizadas y a la generalización de los estudios histológicos con marcadores neuroendocrinos.

BACKGROUND: Although rectal neuroendocrine tumours are rare neoplasms, their incidence is increasing in the last three decades. The objective of this work is to study the behaviour of these tumours based on their clinical, diagnostic, therapeutic, and pathological variables in a tertiary hospital.

METHOD: Retrospective study of rectal neuroendocrine tumours from 2000 to 2017 in our hospital. A computerized search was performed in the SNOMED program of the pathological anatomy service, using the criteria “neuroendocrine tumour” and “carcinoid tumour”.

RESULTS: We found 16 patients with ano-rectal neuroendocrine tumour; 75% were male. The median age was 53 years (range: 34-83). The diagnosis was incidental in 62.5%, with endoscopic treatment in 13 patients (81%) and surgical treatment in 3 (19%). 75% of the lesions were T1. 68.7% of the tumours showed a degree of G1 aggression. The mean follow-up was 29 months; no recurrences. During follow-up, three patients died (18.5%), all of them with metastatic G3 tumour and the mean survival was 8 months.

CONCLUSIONS: The rectal neuroendocrine tumours are increasingly frequent and present variable patterns, whose prognosis will depend on their histological aggressiveness. The increase incidence may be due to a greater awareness of the existence of these tumours, to colorectal cancer screening, to the increase in the number of colonoscopies performed and to the generalization of histological studies with neuroendocrine markers.

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