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Vascular biology of superoxide-generating NADPH oxidase 5 (Nox5)- implications in hypertension and cardiovascular disease.
Antioxidants & Redox Signaling 2018 October 19
SIGNIFICANCE: NADPH oxidases (Nox) of which there are 7 isoforms (Nox1-5, Duox1/Duox2) are professional oxidases functioning as ROS-generating enzymes. ROS are signaling molecules important in physiological processes. Increased ROS production and altered redox signaling in the vascular system have been implicated in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension, and have been attributed, in part, to increased Nox activity.
RECENT ADVANCES: Nox1,2,4,5 are expressed and functionally active in human vascular cells. While Nox1,2,4 have been well characterized in models of cardiovascular disease, little is known about Nox5. This may relate to the lack of experimental models because rodents lack NOX5. However, recent studies have advanced the field by i) elucidating mechanisms of Nox5 regulation, ii) identifying Nox5 variants, iii) characterizing Nox5 expression and iv) discovery of Nox5 crystal structure. Moreover, studies in human Nox5-expressing mice have highlighted a putative role for Nox5 in cardiovascular disease.
CRITICAL ISSUES: Although growing evidence indicates a role for Nox-derived ROS in cardiovascular (patho)physiology, the exact function of each isoform remains unclear. This is especially true for Nox5.
FUTURE DIRECTIONS: Future directions should focus on clinically-relevant studies to discover the functional significance of Noxs, and Nox5 in particular, in human health and disease. Two important recent studies will impact future directions. Firstly, Nox5 is the first Nox to be crystalized. Secondly GWAS identified Nox5 as a novel blood pressure-associated gene. These discoveries, together with advancements in Nox5.
RECENT ADVANCES: Nox1,2,4,5 are expressed and functionally active in human vascular cells. While Nox1,2,4 have been well characterized in models of cardiovascular disease, little is known about Nox5. This may relate to the lack of experimental models because rodents lack NOX5. However, recent studies have advanced the field by i) elucidating mechanisms of Nox5 regulation, ii) identifying Nox5 variants, iii) characterizing Nox5 expression and iv) discovery of Nox5 crystal structure. Moreover, studies in human Nox5-expressing mice have highlighted a putative role for Nox5 in cardiovascular disease.
CRITICAL ISSUES: Although growing evidence indicates a role for Nox-derived ROS in cardiovascular (patho)physiology, the exact function of each isoform remains unclear. This is especially true for Nox5.
FUTURE DIRECTIONS: Future directions should focus on clinically-relevant studies to discover the functional significance of Noxs, and Nox5 in particular, in human health and disease. Two important recent studies will impact future directions. Firstly, Nox5 is the first Nox to be crystalized. Secondly GWAS identified Nox5 as a novel blood pressure-associated gene. These discoveries, together with advancements in Nox5.
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