Surface characterisation and reaction kinetics of silver nanoparticles mediated by the leaf and flower extracts of French marigold ( Tagetes patula ).

In this study, French marigold's leaf and flower were used for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (SNPs) in order to explore their potentials towards bioreduction of Ag+ to Agᵒ. The as-synthesised SNPs were characterised using UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and zeta-potential analysis. The results obtained showed that the particles are polydispersed with sizes in the range 15.8-42.8 nm. The bioreduction was believed to be due to the amides, aldehyde functional groups, and essential oils present in the extracts as confirmed by the FTIR analysis. The growth mechanism involved in the reaction was studied which revealed oriented attachment (OA) onwards Ostwald ripening in the case of the flower-mediated synthesis and typical OA in the leaf-mediated synthesis. The studied kinetics of the particle formation showed that the reaction is possibly a pseudo-first-order reaction with some diffusion-controlled mechanism which is driven by high surface area to volume ratio in both the leaf- and flower-mediated synthesis.