Growth suppression and apoptosis-like cell death in Microcystis aeruginosa by H 2 O 2 : A new insight into extracellular and intracellular damage pathways.

H2 O2 has been suggested and applied as effective algaecide for harmful cyanobacterial bloom control, however, the transport of exogenous H2 O2 into microalgal cells, the subsequent intracellular damage pathway and dose-response variations were little studied. We addressed these questions in a bloom-forming cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa with H2 O2 at 0.1-1.5 mM. The results showed that H2 O2 at 0.4 mM and above significantly suppressed M. aeruginosa growth for over two weeks, and induced apoptosis-like death in terms of membrane potential dissipation, caspase-3 activation, chromatin condensation, and lysis induction. However, the dose-response effects were not monotonic. H2 O2 at 0.7 mM resulted in the severest growth suppression among 0.1-1.5 mM treatments, including the lowest biomass for 74% loss, the highest cell lysis ratio for 79%, and the highest utilization rate of H2 O2 for 0.101 mM d-1 . Moreover, several evidence point to severer apoptosis-like cell death in 0.7 mM treatments, involving fastest and severest cell lysis, smallest cell size and wrinkled surface and lowest membrane potential. Therefore, the apoptosis-like cell death induced by H2 O2 at moderate dosages should be a crucial cause for the non-monotonic dose-response effects on growth suppression. Additionally, intracellular H2 O2 level increased rapidly within 20 min after exposure at 0.4 mM and above, directly confirming the transport of exogenous H2 O2 into M. aeruginosa cells and the intracellular damages due to subsequent elevation in intracellular oxidative stress. The study demonstrates that H2 O2 at moderate dosages could be a promising method for the biomass control, in a fast and efficient way, on M. aeruginosa blooms.