Effects of Cr 2 O 3 nanoparticles on the chlorophyll fluorescence and chloroplast ultrastructure of soybean (Glycine max).

Chromic oxide nanoparticles (Cr2 O3 NPs) are widely used in commercial factories and can cause serious environmental problems. However, the mechanism behind Cr2 O3 NP-induced phytotoxicity remains unknown. In this study, the effects of Cr2 O3 NPs on the growth, chlorophyll fluorescence, SEM-EDS analysis, and chloroplast ultrastructure of soybean (Glycine max) were investigated to evaluate its phytotoxicity. The growth of soybean treated with various Cr2 O3 NP suspensions (0.01, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.5 g L-1 ) was significantly inhibited. Specially, shoot and root biomass decreased by 9.9 and 46.3%, respectively. Besides, the maximum quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm) as well as the photochemical quenching (qP) decreased by 8-22 and 30-37%, respectively, indicating that the photosynthetic system was damaged when treated with Cr2 O3 NPs. Moreover, the inhibition was confirmed by the reduction of Rubisco and MDH enzyme activity (by 54.5-86.4 and 26.7-96.5%, respectively). Overall, results indicated that the damage was caused by the destruction of chloroplast thylakoid structure, which subsequently reduced the photosynthetic rate. Our research suggests that Cr2 O3 NPs can be transported and cause irreversible damage to soybean plants by inhibiting the activity of electron acceptors (NADP+) and destroying ultrastructure of chloroplasts, providing insights into plant toxicity issues. Graphical abstract ᅟ.