Cortisol as a predictor of psychological therapy response in depressive disorders: systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Many patients with depressive disorders demonstrate resistance to psychological therapy. A frequent finding is hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis alterations. As cortisol is known to modulate cognitive processes, those patients may be less likely to profit from psychological therapy.

AIMS: To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis on cortisol as a predictor of psychological therapy response.

METHOD: The Cochrane Library, EMBASE, MEDLINE and PsycINFO databases were searched. Records were included if they looked at patients with any depressive disorder engaging in psychological therapy, with a pre-treatment cortisol and a post-treatment symptom measure.

RESULTS: Eight articles satisfied our selection criteria. The higher the cortisol levels before starting psychological therapy, the more symptoms patients with depression experienced at the end of treatment and/or the smaller their symptom change.

CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that patients with depression with elevated HPA functioning are less responsive to psychological therapy.