Induction chemotherapy followed by up-front autologous stem cell transplantation may have a survival benefit in high-risk diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients.

We compared the outcomes of patients with higher-risk diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) who were treated with either up-front autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) or salvage chemotherapy followed by delayed ASCT after relapse. Data for 122 DLBCL patients who underwent ASCT as up-front or salvage treatment were analyzed. The 3-year overall survival (OS) rate in DLBCL patients who underwent up-front ASCT was 76.6%, and the rate for those who underwent delayed ASCT was 60.9% (p = 0.017). In a subgroup analysis of patients with a high-intermediate/high-risk age-adjusted International Prognostic Index, achievement of complete remission translated into improved OS in the up-front ASCT group, whereas patients who achieved partial remission had similar OS rates in both groups. The up-front ASCT group had improved OS in patients aged <50 years or with good performance status, whereas the OS rates of both groups were similar in patients aged ≥ 60 years or with poor performance status. When the OS outcome is analyzed by the number of factors (no complete remission during R-CHOP induction chemotherapy, age ≥ 50 years, and performance status ≥ 2), the 3-year OS rates of patients with zero or one, two, and three clinical factors were 80.2%, 51.6%, and 0%, respectively (p < 0.001). In conclusion, in higher-risk DLBCL patients, induction chemotherapy followed by up-front ASCT may have a survival benefit compared with induction chemotherapy alone in highly selected patients who have achieved a complete remission, who are aged <50 years, and who have a good performance status at diagnosis.