Hypertension and chronic kidney disease: respective contribution of mean and pulse pressure and arterial stiffness.

Hypertension (HTN) in chronic kidney disease (CKD) is influenced by blood pressure (BP) and the progression of CKD, including hemodialysis and renal transplantation. To date, the efficacy of antihypertensive drug strategies has chiefly been assessed by measuring steady-state systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressures (MAP). However, recently elucidated features of the BP curve have highlighted other important goals, that is, the specific roles of pulse pressure (PP), arterial stiffness, pulse wave velocity (PWV) and wave reflections as potentially deleterious factors affecting the progression of HTN and CKD. Pharmacological strategies to date have included progressive withdrawal of alpha-blocking agents; efficacy of beta-blockers for coronary prevention; use of angiotensin blockade in HTN with glomerular injury, using angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition or receptor blockade, as mono but never double-blockade, to avoid major complications; development of combination therapies with diuretics and/or calcium channel blockers. Nowadays, most clinical trials show that SBP, DBP and MAP-lowering is an effective strategy, although results no longer show preference for any specific drug class.Studies of arterial stiffness in CKD have become crucial. In older individuals, PWV is considerably elevated. The 'stiffness gradient' disappears or is inverted (normally, aortic PWV is lower than brachial PWV). Despite BP-lowering, PP is insufficiently dampened, thus promoting microcirculatory damage, progression of arterial calcifications and disturbed wave reflections, which all increase the risk of mortality. In the absence of effective hemodialysis or graft, increased arterial stiffness is therefore a major cardiovascular risk factor in CKD.