RU486 Induces Pro-Apoptotic Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Through the Induction of CHOP Expression by Enhancing C/EBPδ Expression in Human Renal Carcinoma Caki Cells.

RU486 (Mifepristone) is known as an antagonist of the progesterone receptor and glucocorticoid receptor. Here, we investigated the mechanism underlying anti-tumor activity of RU486 in renal carcinoma Caki cells. Treatment of Caki cells with RU486 was found to induce several signature ER stress markers; including ER stress-specific XBP1 splicing, and the up-regulation of glucose-regulated protein (GRP)-78 and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) expression. RU486-induced expression of CHOP involves the putative C/EBPδ site within the CHOP promoter region. Using a combination of C/EBPδ cDNA transfection, the luciferase assay with a mutated C/EBPδ binding site and siRNA-mediated C/EBPδ knockdown, we found that the C/EBPδ site is required for RU486-mediated activation of the CHOP promoter. In addition, RU486-induced CHOP expression is down-regulated by inhibition of the p38 MAPK and JNK signaling pathways at the post-translational levels. RU486 dose-dependently induced apoptotic cell death in renal carcinoma cells. Suppression of CHOP expression by CHOP siRNA attenuated RU486-induced apoptosis. Taken together, RU486 induces pro-apoptotic ER stress through the induction of CHOP expression.