Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging activity and connectivity and cognitive outcome in traumatic brain injury.

IMPORTANCE: The study of brain activity and connectivity at rest provides a unique opportunity for the investigation of the brain substrates of cognitive outcome after traumatic axonal injury. This knowledge may contribute to improve clinical management and rehabilitation programs.

OBJECTIVE: To study functional magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities in signal amplitude and brain connectivity at rest and their relationship to cognitive outcome in patients with chronic and severe traumatic axonal injury.

DESIGN: Observational study.

SETTING: University of Barcelona and Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, and Institut Guttmann-Neurorehabilitation Hospital, Badalona, Spain.

PARTICIPANTS: Twenty patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) were studied, along with 17 matched healthy volunteers.

INTERVENTIONS: Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor imaging data were acquired. After exploring group differences in amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFF), we studied functional connectivity within the default mode network (DMN) by means of independent component analysis, followed by a dual regression approach and seed-based connectivity analyses. Finally, we performed probabilistic tractography between the frontal and posterior nodes of the DMN.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Signal amplitude and functional connectivity during the resting state, tractography related to DMN, and the association between signal amplitudes and cognitive outcome.

RESULTS: Patients had greater ALFF in frontal regions, which was correlated with cognitive performance. Within the DMN, patients showed increased connectivity in the frontal lobes. Seed-based connectivity analyses revealed augmented connectivity within surrounding areas of the frontal and left parietal nodes of the DMN. Fractional anisotropy of the cingulate tract was correlated with increased connectivity of the frontal node of the DMN in patients with TBI.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Increased ALFF is related to better cognitive performance in chronic TBI. The loss of structural connectivity produced by damage to the cingulum tract explained the compensatory increases in functional connectivity within the frontal node of the DMN.