Kaempferol suppresses lipid accumulation in macrophages through the downregulation of cluster of differentiation 36 and the upregulation of scavenger receptor class B type I and ATP-binding cassette transporters A1 and G1.

The accumulation of foam cells in atherosclerotic lesions is a hallmark of early-stage atherosclerosis. Kaempferol has been shown to inhibit oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) uptake by macrophages; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not yet fully investigated. In this study, we shown that treatment with kaempferol markedly suppresses oxLDL-induced macrophage foam cell formation, which occurs due to a decrease in lipid accumulation and an increase in cholesterol efflux from THP-1-derived macrophages. Additionally, the kaempferol treatment of macrophages led to the downregulation of cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36) protein levels, the upregulation of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter A1 (ABCA1), scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) and ABCG1 protein levels, while no effects on scavenger receptor A (SR-A) expression were observed. Kaempferol had similar effects on the mRNA and protein expression of ABCA1, SR-BI, SR-A, CD36 and ABCG1. The reduced CD36 expression following kaempferol treatment involved the inhibition of c-Jun-activator protein-1 (AP-1) nuclear translocation. The inhibition of AP-1 using the inhibitor, SP600125, confirmed this involvement, as the AP-1 inhibition significantly augmented the kaempferol-induced reduction in CD36 expression. Accordingly, the kaempferol-mediated suppression of lipid accumulation in macrophages was also augmented by SP600125. The increased expression of ABCA1, SR-BI and ABCG1 following kaempferol treatment was accompanied by the enhanced protein expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). This increase was reversed following the knockdown of the HO-1 gene using small hairpin RNA (shRNA). Moreover, the kaempferol-mediated attenuation of lipid accumulation and the promotion of cholesterol efflux was also inhibited by HO-1 shRNA. In conclusion, the c-Jun-AP‑1-dependent downregulation of CD36 and the HO-1-dependent upregulation of ABCG1, SR-BI and ABCA1 may mediate the beneficial effects of kaempferol on foam cell formation.