Review article: delivery and efficacy of topical 5-aminosalicylic acid (mesalazine) therapy in the treatment of ulcerative colitis.

BACKGROUND: The use of topical therapy in the treatment of ulcerative colitis has declined in recent years despite evidence of good efficacy.

AIMS: To review US prescription trends for 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) since the US approval of Asacol extended-release oral mesalazine (mesalamine) in 1992; to estimate the optimal level of 5-ASA exposure in the distal colon; to determine factors influencing distal colonic exposures; and to compare the effectiveness of different 5-ASA formulations (oral, topical suspension, foam, suppositories) in clinical trials.

METHODS: Review of clinical trials, physiologic studies and prescription trends of various mesalazine formulations for treatment of distal ulcerative colitis.

RESULTS: Between 1992 and 2009, prescriptions for oral mesalazine increased sixfold, whereas topical suspensions declined by 10%. In clinical trials, topical therapy resulted in higher remission and clinical response rates than oral therapy, with trends to earlier improvement. The mucosal concentrations of 5-ASA achieved by topical agents in the distal colon were up to 200-fold higher than those achieved by oral administration alone. Despite active colitis, over 40% of a topically administered 4 g 5-ASA suspension (equal to 1.6 g) reached the sigmoid colon. This likely represents a therapeutic exposure of 5-ASA. Although topical therapies are less convenient than oral medications, treatment algorithms have failed to take into account quality of life improvements resulting from more rapid and complete treatment response.

CONCLUSIONS: Topical mesalazine therapy is superior to oral therapy in distal ulcerative colitis for both therapeutic response and drug delivery. Practice patterns should be re-evaluated in light of this information.