Genomics of chronic allograft injury.

Chronic allograft injury (CAI) is common after kidney transplantation in which immunological (e.g., acute and chronic cellular and antibody-mediated rejection) and nonimmunological factors (e.g., donor-related factors, ischemia-reperfusion injury, polyoma virus, hypertension, and calcineurin inhibitor nephrotoxicity) have a role. Despite the new Banff pathological classification, histopathological diagnosis is still far from being the 'gold standard' to understand the exact mechanisms in the development of CAI, which may lead to appropriate treatment. Microarray is a powerful technology that detects thousands of genes simultaneously and might be an important tool in elucidating patterns for mechanism, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of complex, multifactorial diseases, such as CAI. In this review, we discuss the studies that applied microarray technology in kidney transplant patients with CAI.