Advances in understanding and treating cardiac cachexia: highlights from the 5th Cachexia Conference.

Cardiac cachexia as a terminal stage of chronic heart failure carries a devastating prognosis. This article focuses on novel insights into the pathophysiology and on new treatment approaches to cardiac cachexia. Drugs that have been used in preclinical and clinical studies that may also confer beneficial effects in cardiac cachexia include but are not limited to the type 4 melanocortin receptor antagonist SNT 207979, the appetite promoting synthetic ghrelin SUN11031, the soluble myostatin decoy receptor ActRIIB-Fc, the fast skeletal muscle troponin activating substance CK-2017357, the anti-catabolic/anabolic transforming agent MT-102, the anti-inflammatory agent celecoxib, and testosterone supplementation.