Update on the pharmacologic management of overactive bladder: the present and the future.

Overactive bladder (OAB) is a common condition, affecting approximately 17% of females and males 40 years of age and older. Historically, oxybutynin was the only medication approved for use in the management of OAB. Over the past decade, several new antimuscarinics have been approved for the treatment of OAB. Although all are deemed to be effective in improving the bothersome symptoms of OAB, they differ in their molecular properties, metabolism, and tolerability/side effect profile. A greater understanding of the pathophysiology of OAB has led to approved and investigative therapies to treat refractory OAB, such as neuromodulation and intravesical injection of Botulinum toxin, respectively. A variety of pharmacologic agents are in clinical trials for OAB that target different components of bladder function, such as the urothelium, the afferent sensory nerve pathways, and the central nervous system. It is the intent of this article to highlight these aspects of OAB management.