Predicting stress-related problems in long-term breast cancer survivors.

INTRODUCTION: Little is known about the early clinical and psychosocial factors associated with subsequent stress-related problems in breast cancer survivors.

METHODS: We used data collected at 3, 7, 11, and 15 months post-diagnosis to predict stress-related problems in 86 breast cancer survivors at 6 years post-diagnosis. We examined two common stress-related problems: (a) emotional distress and (b) intrusion and avoidance. Hypothesized risk factors included perceived stressfulness of the cancer; fear of the future; poor perceived health; initial stress-related problems; avoidance coping; and second cancer experience. Hypothesized protective factors included active coping (seeking social support; positive problem solving); optimism; and social support.

RESULTS: Hierarchical multiple regression analyses, controlling for age and education, indicated that positive problem-solving coping at 3 months and emotional distress at 7 months significantly predicted 6-year emotional distress (R(2)=.24, P<.01). Second cancer experience and 3-month intrusion and avoidance significantly predicted 6-year intrusion and avoidance (R(2)=.38, P<.001). In both cases, risk and/or protective factors measured at 11 and 15 months did not add significantly to the regression equations.

DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: Symptoms of intrusion and avoidance should be monitored carefully during the first 3 months following diagnosis because they signal the risk that these symptoms will persist in the long-term. Elevated emotional distress at 7-months post-diagnosis and second-cancer experiences may signal the need for psychosocial intervention. Overreliance on positive problem solving to cope early in the disease trajectory may be detrimental in the longer term.