Latest discoveries on the infection and coinfection with hepatitis D virus.

HDV is an incomplete virus that has HBV infection as a prerequisite. Superinfection by HDV leads to acute hepatitis and causes progression to liver cirrhosis in a significant proportion of HBsAg carriers. The traditional methods for the diagnosis of HDV infection, such as detection of serum anti-HD antibodies, are sufficient for the clinical diagnosis of delta infection. However, such techniques lack the sensitivity and specificity required to more accurately characterize the nature of HDV infection and to assess the efficacy of therapies. Recent improvements in molecular techniques, such as HDV RNA hybridization and RT-PCR, have provided increased diagnostic precision and a more thorough understanding of the natural course of HDV infection. These advances have enhanced the clinician's ability to accurately evaluate the stage of HDV infection, response to therapy, and occurrence of reinfection after orthotopic liver transplant.