Molecular genetics of nocturnal enuresis: linkage to a locus on chromosome 22.

The aim of this study was to investigate linkage of nocturnal enuresis to a locus on chromosome 22 in 35 German families and to analyse associations with the clinical phenotype. One hundred and sixty-seven enuretic children aged 5-11 years were examined using a somatic, psychiatric and psychological diagnostic protocol; a detailed pedigree over three generations was also compiled. Forty-two children (mean age: 8.11 years) were selected for further molecular genetic examination. EDTA blood samples were taken from the patients and 130 relatives, and polymorphisms of the microsatellite markers D22S446, D22S156 and D22S257 on chromosome 22 were analysed. Positive linkage was found in 11 families of 14 children, indicating that 39.3% of families were compatible with linkage to the markers on chromosome 22. The phenotype included primary nocturnal enuresis and combined day and night wetting. The results for chromosome 22, as with previous loci for nocturnal enuresis on chromosomes 8, 12 and 13, support the hypothesis for genetic and clinical heterogeneity.