Gender identity disorder in adolescence: outcomes of psychotherapy.

Gender identity disorder (GID) is characterized by strong and persistent cross-gender identification and by persistent discomfort with one's sex. This paper reviews reports of GID in which adolescent psychotherapy patients initially desired sex reassignment. In addition, four case studies of adolescents with GID, demonstrating different outcomes of psychotherapy, are presented. It is concluded that great caution must be exercised when treating adolescents with GID, and that sex reassignment must not be started before patients have reached eighteen years of age.