fungi secreted protein

Filamentous fungi are known to secrete biochemicals that drive the synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) that vary in composition, size, and shape; a process deemed mycosynthesis. Following the introduction of precursor salts directly to the fungal mycelia or their exudates, mycosynthesis proceeds at ambient temperature and pressure, and near neutral pH, presenting significant energy and cost savings over traditional chemical or physical approaches. The mycosynthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs by various fungi exhibited a species dependent morphological preference for the resulting NPs, suggesting that key differences in the biochemical makeup of their individual exudates may regulate the controlled nucleation and growth of these different morphologies...

Given the multitude of extracellular enzymes at their disposal, many of which are designed to degrade nature's polymers (lignin, cutin, cellulose, etc.), fungi are adept at targeting synthetic polyesters with similar chemical composition. Microbial-influenced deterioration of xenobiotic polymeric surfaces is an area of interest for material scientists as these are important for the conservation of the underlying structural materials. Here, we describe the isolation and characterization of the Papiliotrema laurentii 5307AH ( P...

Filamentous fungi play a crucial role in environmental pollution control, protein secretion, and the production of active secondary metabolites. The evolution of gene editing technology has significantly improved the study of filamentous fungi, which in the past was laborious and time-consuming. But recently, CRISPR-Cas systems, which utilize small guide RNA (sgRNA) to mediate clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated proteins (Cas), have demonstrated considerable promise in research and application for filamentous fungi...

Most chemicals expressed in mammalian cells have complex delivery and transport mechanisms to get to the right intracellular sites. One of these mechanisms transports most transmembrane proteins, as well as almost all secreted proteins, from the endoplasmic reticulum, where they are formed, to their final location. Nearly all eukaryotic cells have a membrane trafficking mechanism that is both a prominent and critical component. This system, which consists of dynamically coupled compartments, supports the export and uptake of extracellular material, remodeling and signaling at the cellular interface, intracellular alignment, and maintenance of internal compartmentalization (organelles)...

BACKGROUND: Many parasitic plants of the genera Striga and Cuscuta inflict huge agricultural damage worldwide. To form and maintain a connection with a host plant, parasitic plants deploy virulence factors (VFs) that interact with host biology. They possess a secretome that represents the complement of proteins secreted from cells and like other plant parasites such as fungi, bacteria or nematodes, some secreted proteins represent VFs crucial to successful host colonisation. Understanding the genome-wide complement of putative secreted proteins from parasitic plants, and their expression during host invasion, will advance understanding of virulence mechanisms used by parasitic plants to suppress/evade host immune responses and to establish and maintain a parasite-host interaction...

Plant defense peptides are paramount endogenous danger signals secreted after a challenge intensifying the plant immune response. The peptidic hormone Systemin (Sys) was shown to participate in resistance in several plant-pathosystems, although the mechanisms behind Sys-IR when exogenously applied remain elusive. We performed proteomic, metabolomic and enzymatic studies to decipher the Sys-induced changes in tomato plants either in the absence or the presence of Botrytis cinerea infection. Sys-treatments triggered direct proteomic rearrangement mostly involved in carbon metabolism and photosynthesis...

Killer yeasts secrete protein toxins that are selectively lethal to other yeast and filamentous fungi. These exhibit exceptional genetic and functional diversity, and have several biotechnological applications. However, despite decades of research, several limitations hinder their widespread adoption. In this perspective we contend that technical advances in synthetic biology present an unprecedented opportunity to unlock the full potential of yeast killer systems across a spectrum of applications. By leveraging these new technologies, engineered killer toxins may emerge as a pivotal new tool to address antifungal resistance and food security...

While Botrytis cinerea causes gray mold on many plants, its close relative, Botrytis fabae , is host-specifically infecting predominantly faba bean plants. To explore the basis for its narrow host range, a gapless genome sequence of B. fabae strain G12 (BfabG12) was generated. The BfabG12 genome encompasses 45.0 Mb, with 16 chromosomal telomere-to-telomere contigs that show high synteny and sequence similarity to the corresponding B. cinerea B05.10 (BcB0510) chromosomes. Compared to BcB0510, it is 6% larger, due to many AT-rich regions containing remnants of transposable elements, but encodes fewer genes (11,420 vs...

Suillus bovinus is a wild edible ectomycorrhizal fungus with important economic and ecological value, which often forms an ectomycorrhiza with pine trees. We know little about the mechanisms associated with the metabolism and symbiosis of S. bovinus and its effects on the nutritional value. In this study, the whole-genome sequencing of S. bovinus was performed using Illumina, HiFi, and Hi-C technologies, and the sequencing data were subjected to genome assembly, gene prediction, and functional annotation to obtain a high-quality chromosome-level genome of S...

Plastic pollution has become a major global concern, posing numerous challenges for the environment and wildlife. Most conventional ways of plastics degradation are inefficient and cause great damage to ecosystems. The development of biodegradable plastics offers a promising solution for waste management. These plastics are designed to break down under various conditions, opening up new possibilities to mitigate the negative impact of traditional plastics. Microbes, including bacteria and fungi, play a crucial role in the degradation of bioplastics by producing and secreting extracellular enzymes, such as cutinase, lipases, and proteases...

Tomato fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol) is a highly destructive disease, resulting in severe economic losses of global tomato production annually. An eco-friendly alternative to chemical fungicide using biological control agents (BCAs) is urgently needed. Here, Bacillus siamensis QN2 MO-1 was isolated from Noli fruit and had a strong antagonistic activity against Fol in vitro and in vivo. Strain QN2 MO-1 also exhibited a broad-spectrum antifungal activity against the selected 14 phytopathogenic fungi...

The influence of four carbon and nitrogen substrates on the quality and flavor of a novel surimi-based product fermented with Actinomucor elegans (A. elegans) was investigated, with a focus on carbon and nitrogen catabolite repression. The results showed that the substrate significantly affected mycelial growth, enzyme activities, and the metabolites of A. elegans. Although glucose significantly promoted A. elegans growth by 116.69%, it decreased enzyme secretion by 69.79% for α-amylase and 59.80% for protease, most likely by triggering the carbon catabolite repression pathway...

Trichoderma is an excellent biocontrol agent, but most Trichoderma genomes remained at the scaffold level, which greatly limits the research of biocontrol mechanism. Here, we reported the chromosome-level genome of Trichoderma harzianum CGMCC20739 (Tha739), T. asperellum CGMCC11653 (Tas653) and T. atroviride CGMCC40488 (Tat488), they were assembled into 7 chromosomes, genome size were 40 Mb (10,611 genes), 37.3 Mb (10,102 genes) and 36.3 Mb (9,896 genes), respectively. The positive selected genes of three strains were associated to response to stimulus, signaling transduction, immune system and localization...

Phytopathogenic fungi normally secrete large amounts of CWDEs to enhance infection of plants. In this study, we identified and characterized a secreted glycosyl hydrolase 5 family member in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (SsGH5, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Glycosyl Hydrolase 5). SsGH5 was significantly upregulated during the early stages of infection. Knocking out SsGH5 did not affect the growth and acid production of S. sclerotiorum but resulted in decreased glucan utilization and significantly reduced virulence. In addition, Arabidopsis thaliana expressing SsGH5 became more susceptible to necrotrophic pathogens and basal immune responses were inhibited in these plants...

BACKGROUND: Members of the fungal kingdom are heterotrophic eukaryotes encased in a chitin containing cell wall. This polymer is vital for cell wall stiffness and, ultimately, cell shape. Most fungal genomes contain numerous putative chitin synthase encoding genes. However, systematic functional analysis of the full chitin synthase catalogue in a given species is rare. This greatly limits fundamental understanding and potential applications of manipulating chitin synthesis across the fungal kingdom...

Botrytis cinerea is one of the most destructive phytopathogenic fungi, causing significant losses to horticultural crops. As a necrotrophic fungus, B. cinerea obtains nutrients by killing host cells. Secreted cell death-inducing proteins (CDIPs) play a crucial role in necrotrophic infection; however, only a limited number have been reported. For high-throughput CDIP screening, we optimized the prokaryotic expression system and compared its efficiency with other commonly used protein expression systems. The optimized prokaryotic expression system showed superior effectiveness and efficiency and was selected for subsequent CDIP screening...

SUMMARYFarnesol was first identified as a quorum-sensing molecule, which blocked the yeast to hyphal transition in Candida albicans , 22 years ago. However, its interactions with Candida biology are surprisingly complex. Exogenous (secreted or supplied) farnesol can also act as a virulence factor during pathogenesis and as a fungicidal agent triggering apoptosis in other competing fungi. Farnesol synthesis is turned off both during anaerobic growth and in opaque cells. Distinctly different cellular responses are observed as exogenous farnesol levels are increased from 0...

In multinuclear and multicellular filamentous fungi little is known about how mRNAs encoding secreted enzymes are transcribed and localized spatiotemporally. To better understand this process we analyzed mRNA encoding GlaA, a glucoamylase secreted in large amounts by the industrial filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae, by the MS2 system, in which mRNA can be visualized in living cells. We found that glaA mRNA was significantly transcribed and localized near the hyphal tip and septum, which are the sites of protein secretion, in polarity-dependent expression and localization manners...

Fungal pathogens deploy a set of molecules (proteins, specialized metabolites, and sRNA), so called effectors, to aid the infection process. In comparison to other plant pathogens, smut fungi have small genomes and secretomes of 20 Mb and around 500 proteins, respectively.. Previous comparative genomic studies have shown that many secreted effector proteins without known domains i.e., novel, are conserved only in the Ustilaginaceae family. By analyzing the secretome of 11 species within Ustilaginaceae, we identified 53 core homologous groups commonly present in this lineage...

Plant pathogens secrete proteins, known as effectors, that function in the apoplast or inside plant cells to promote virulence. Effector recognition by cell-surface or cytosolic receptors results in the activation of defence pathways and plant immunity. Despite their importance, our general understanding of fungal effector function and recognition by immunity receptors remains poor. One complication often associated with effectors is their high sequence diversity and lack of identifiable sequence motifs precluding prediction of structure or function...