Beta-alanine and rats

Increased NaCl reabsorption in the Thick Ascending Limb (TAL) is implicated in salt sensitive hypertension. NaCl reabsorption by the TAL is mediated by the apical Na/K/2Cl cotransporter NKCC2. We reported that NKCC2 phosphorylation at Tre 96,101 and surface expression are enhanced in Dahl Salt sensitive rats (Dahl SS) on normal or high salt diets. The phosphorylation of SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase (SPAK), an upstream kinase for Thre 96,101 in NKCC2, was found to be higher in Dahl SS TALs. Deletion of SPAK in Dahl SS, lowers NKCC2 phosphorylation and expression and blunts salt-sensitive hypertension, but does not completely prevent this...

This study aims to explore the toxicity mechanism of Rhododendri Mollis Flos(RMF) based on serum metabolomics and network toxicology. The toxic effect of RMF on normal rats was evaluated according to the symptoms, serum biochemical indexes, and histopathology. Serum metabolomics was combined with multivariate statistical analysis to search endogenous differential metabolites and related metabolic pathways. The toxic components, targets, and signaling pathways of RMF were screened by network toxicology technique, and the component-target-metabolite-metabolic pathway network was established with the help of serum metabolomics...

How phosphorylation of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) contributes to its regulation is incompletely understood. Previously, we demonstrated that in outside-out patches ENaC activation by serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase isoform 1 (SGK1) was abolished by mutating a serine residue in a putative SGK1 consensus motif RXRXX(S/T) in the channel's α-subunit (S621 in rat). Interestingly, this serine residue is followed by a highly conserved proline residue rather than by a hydrophobic amino acid thought to be required for a functional SGK1 consensus motif according to in vitro data...

Cadmium (Cd) is one of the potent occupational and environmental toxicants, which induces oxidative stress to the multiple organs of the body, including liver. The present investigation was planned to evaluate the protective role of vitexin against Cd-prompted hepatotoxicity in rats. 24 male rats were divided into 4 groups viz. control, Cd-induced group (5 mg/kg), Cd + vitexin-treated group (2 mg/kg + 30 mg/kg), and vitexin-treated group (30 mg/kg). After 30 days of treatment, it was indicated that Cd escalated the level of liver function enzymes namely alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) as well as total bilirubin...

The synthesis of derivatives of three nonspecific COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitors, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, naproxen is presented. These acids were connected via an amide bond with an amino acid (L-proline, L-tyrosine, and beta-alanine) used as a linker. The amino acid carboxylic group was esterified with 3,4,5 trimethoxybenzyl alcohol. The activity of the novel derivatives was examined in vivo on carrageenan-induced inflammation, and in vitro, as cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase inhibitors. It was found that the new compounds were more potent anti-inflammatory agents than the parent drugs...

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the roles of microRNA (miR)-122 in the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and liver cirrhosis. METHODS: Rat primary HSCs were incubated with transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), during which miR-122 and EphB2 expression was measured. miR-122 mimic and/or pcDNA3.1 EphB2 was transfected into TGF-β-induced HSCs. A mouse model of liver cirrhosis was established via an intraperitoneal injection of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4 ), followed by the injection of miR-122 agomir...

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the potential mechanism by which Shugan Huoxue Huayu Fang (SGHXHYF) ameliorates liver fibrosis. METHODS: Liver fibrosis was induced in rats by intraperitoneal injection of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in peanut oil solution (40%, 3 mL/kg body weight) twice a week for 8 weeks. A normal control group received the same volume of peanut oil alone. During weeks 5-8, the CCl4-injected rat groups were administered saline (vehicle control), colchicine (0...

BACKGROUND: The cycad neurotoxin beta-methylamino-L-alanine (L-BMAA), one of the environmental trigger factor for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/Parkinson-dementia complex (ALS/PDC), may cause neurodegeneration by disrupting organellar Ca2+ homeostasis. Through the activation of Akt/ERK1/2 pathway, the Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1) and its non-metallated form, ApoSOD1, prevent endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced cell death in motor neurons exposed to L-BMAA. This occurs through the rapid increase of intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+ ]i ) in part flowing from the extracellular compartment and in part released from ER...

Nanoparticles are considered viable options in the treatment of cancer. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) and magnetite folate core shell (MFCS) on leukemic and hepatocarcinoma cell cultures as well as their effect on the animal model of acute myelocytic leukemia (AML). Through current study nanoparticles were synthesized, characterized by various techniques, and their properties were studied to confirm their nanostructure. Invivo study, nanoparticles were evaluated to inspect their cytotoxic activity against SNU-182 (human hepatocellular carcinoma), K562 (human leukemia), and THLE2 (human normal epithelial liver) cells via MTT test...

We investigate glial cell activation and oxidative stress induced by taurine deficiency secondary to β-alanine administration and light exposure. Two months old Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into a control group and three experimental groups that were treated with 3% β-alanine in drinking water (taurine depleted) for two months, light exposed or both. Retinal and external thickness were measured in vivo at baseline and pre-processing with Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT). Retinal cryostat cross sections were immunodetected with antibodies against various antigens to investigate microglial and macroglial cell reaction, photoreceptor outer segments, synaptic connections and oxidative stress...

OBJECTIVES: Transresveratrol (Res) and l-carnitine (l-Car) are proposed to alleviate metabolic and immune disorders and increase physical activity in obese individuals. This study aims to estimate the effect of Res and l-Car in rats with diet-induced obesity. METHODS: Male Wistar rats were fed a diet with excess fat and fructose (high-fat high-carbohydrate diet [HFCD]) supplemented with Res and l-Car at doses of 25 and 300 mg/kg of body weight, respectively, for 63 d...

Carbon tetrachloride (CCL4) induces oxidative stress by free radical toxicities, inflammation, and neurotoxicity. Quercetin (Q), on the other hand, has a role as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, and free radical-scavenging. This study explored protection given by quercetin against CCL4 induced neurotoxicity in rats at given concentrations. Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups Group C: control group; Group CCL4: given a single oral dose of 1 mL/kg bw CCL4; Group Q: given a single i.p injection of 100 mg/kg bw quercetin; and Group Q + CCL4: given a single i...

The present study examined if methanolic beetroot extract (BE) could prevent dyslipidemia and hepatic steatosis and damage in a type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rat model and studied some mechanisms of action. T2DM was induced in adult male Wistar rats by a low single dose of streptozotocin (STZ) (35 mg/kg, i.p) and a high-fat diet (HFD) feeding for 5 weeks. Control or T2DM rats then continued on standard or HFDs for another 12 weeks and were treated with the vehicle or BE (250 or 500 mg/kg). BE, at both doses, significantly improved liver structure and reduced hepatic lipid accumulation in the livers of T2DM rats...

BACKGROUND: In the literature, it has been suggested that ketamine-related oxidative organ damage results from increased blood adrenaline level, and thiopental-related oxidative damage is caused by decreased adrenaline level, suggesting that ketamine-thiopental combination (KT) may be beneficial in reducing the hepatotoxic effect of ketamine. OBJECTIVES: To biochemically investigate the effects of ketamine, thiopental and KT on the liver in rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Male albino Wistar type rats received intraperitoneally (ip...

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Although the adriamycin-induced nephropathy model is frequently employed in the study of nephrotic syndrome and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, the accompanying myocardial damage has always been a cause for concern. Therefore, there is a great need to study cardiorenal communication in this model. METHODS: An adriamycin-induced nephropathy model was established via tail vein injection. The levels of the biochemical indicators serum albumin, serum globulin, serum total protein, serum cholesterol, serum creatinine (SCr), urinary protein, and urinary creatinine (UCr) were measured, and histopathological changes in the heart and kidneys were assessed using hematoxylin-eosin staining...

Methotrexate is an important immunosuppressive and antineoplastic drug and is widely used for treatment. However, hepatotoxicity is one of the major adverse effects of methotrexate. In this study, it was aimed to investigate whether ramelteon has a possible protective effect on hepatotoxicity induced by methotrexate. Thirty-two Wistar albino rats were equally divided into four groups: control, methotrexate, methotrexate + ramelteon, and ramelteon. Following a single dose of 20 mg/kg, methotrexate (i.p...

This study investigated the effect of consumption of an optimum biscuit from composite flour of Musa sapientum L. (' banana cochon' ) and Vigna unguiculata L. (cowpea) on the pancreatic histology, biochemical and hematological parameters of streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats. The optimum biscuit was evaluated for its chemical properties and glycaemic index. The weekly fasting blood glucose level, food intake and weight of the rats were recorded. The effect of 28 days' consumption of different percentages of optimum biscuit with/without Metformin was also evaluated on the pancreatic histology, biochemical and hematological parameters of rats...

This study was designed to evaluate the gastroprotective activity of cirsilineol in hydrochloric acid (HCl)/ethanol-induced gastric ulcer model. Cirsilineol was administered at the doses of 20 and 40 mg/kg in HCl/ethanol-induced rats. The gastroprotective ability was verified by determining the ulcer score, total acidity, hemoglobin, inflammatory cytokines, lipid peroxides, and enzymatic antioxidants superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in gastric tissue and serum biochemical analysis. The results showed a favorable increase in the hemoglobin level, antioxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT), restored electrochemical balance (carbon dioxide & anion gap) while a noticeable decrease in ulcer index, total acidity, lipid peroxides, inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1 beta [IL-1β], IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha) in rats treated with the cirsilineol...

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Ermiao wan (2 MW) is one of the most frequently prescription in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) to treat hyperuricemia. Sanmiao wan (3 MW) and Simiao wan (4 MW), two modified Ermiao wan, also show good clinical effects in the treatment of gout and hyperuricemia. However, their uric acid lowering effects and potential action mechanism still need to be systematically investigated. AIM OF THE STUDY: The aim of present study was to analyze and compare the uric acid-lowering effects of 2 MW, 3 MW and 4 MW in rat with high fructose combined with potassium oxonate (HFCPO)-induced hyperuricemia and their possible mechanisms through plasma metabolomics methods...

Doxorubicin has been used as an anticancer drug and has already indicated effective in the treatment of cancer. The incidence of cardiotoxicity due to doxorubicin was approximately 11%, resulting in the limited use of doxorubicin. Cardiac protection during doxorubicin therapy is needed because it can reduce the incidence of heart failure. Vernonia amygdalina (VA) is traditionally used by Indonesians as a traditional medicine and contains many secondary metabolites, including vernolide, vernodalol, vernoamygdalin, vernolepin, luteolin, luteolin 7-O-beta-glucoronoside and luteolin 7-O-glucoside...