Acetyl carnitine AND AMPK

It is well known that carnivorous fish cannot use plant-proteins efficiently. They affect lipid metabolism of fish and cause serious problems to fish health. The reasons for this deficiency of fish metabolism are not known well. Chinese perch, a carnivorous fish, can accept artificial diet after domestication and is also considered as a novel model of fish for nutrition studies. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the effect of fish meal replacement by low- or high-rapeseed meal on lipid and glucose metabolism of Chinese perch...

Mentha cordifolia (MC) is a popular herb used to flavor food in Thailand that exhibits several biological effects. The present study aimed to determine the role of MC in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). ICR obese mice were fed an HFD (45 kcal% lard fat) for 12 weeks, with MC (100 and 200 mg/kg/d) treatment from Week 7. After treatment with MC for 6 weeks, mice showed significantly lower rates of hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, hyperleptinemia, and hyperlipidemia, and increased amounts of serum adiponectin...

Glutamic acid (Glu) and aspartic acid (Asp) are acidic amino acids with regulatory roles in nutrition, energy metabolism, and oxidative stress. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of low-protein diets supplemented with Glu and Asp on the intestinal barrier function and energy metabolism in weaned piglets challenged with hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ). Forty piglets were randomly divided into 5 groups: NC, PC, PGA, PG, and PA ( n  = 8 for each group). Pigs in the NC and PC groups were fed a low-protein diet, while pigs in the PGA, PG, or PA groups were fed the low-protein diet supplemented with 2...

This study aimed at characterizing the effects of dietary l-carnitine supplementation on hepatic fatty acid (FA) metabolism during inflammation in mid-lactating cows. Fifty-three pluriparous Holstein dairy cows were randomly assigned to either a control (CON, n = 26) or an l-carnitine supplemented (CAR; n = 27) group. The CAR cows received 125 g of a rumen-protected l-carnitine product per cow per day (corresponding to 25 g of l-carnitine/cow per day) from d 42 antepartum (AP) until the end of the trial on d 126 postpartum (PP)...

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic metabolic liver disease associated with obesity and insulin resistance. Activation of the purinergic receptor P2Y2R has been reported to promote adipogenesis, inflammation and dyslipidemia in adipose tissues in obese mice. However, the role of P2Y2R and its mechanisms in NAFLD remain unknown. We hypothesized that P2Y2R deficiency may play a protective role in NAFLD by modulating lipid metabolism in the liver. In this study, we fed wild type and P2Y2R knockout mice with a high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks and analyzed metabolic phenotypes...

Metabolic syndrome (MS) refers to a clustering of at least three of the following medical conditions: high blood pressure, abdominal obesity, hyperglycemia, low high-density lipoprotein level, and high serum triglycerides. MS is related to a wide range of diseases which includes obesity, diabetes, insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemia, or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. There remains an ongoing need for improved treatment strategies for MS. The most important risk factors are dietary pattern, genetics, old age, lack of exercise, disrupted biology, medication usage, and excessive alcohol consumption, but pathophysiology of MS has not been completely identified...

The presence of brown adipocytes within white adipose tissue is associated with phenotypes that exhibit improved metabolism and proper body weight maintenance. Therefore, a variety of dietary agents that facilitate the browning of white adipocytes have been investigated. In this study, we screened a natural product library comprising 133 compounds with the potential to promote the browning of white adipocytes, and found that D-mannitol induces the browning of 3T3-L1 adipocytes by enhancing the expression of brown fat-specific genes and proteins, and upregulating lipid metabolism markers...

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) causes insulin resistance, lipid metabolism dysfunction, and inflammation. We investigated the protective effects and direct regulating target of S -allylmercaptocysteine (SAMC) from aged garlic on liver cell injury. A chronic ethanol-fed ALD in vivo model (the NIAAA model) was used to test the protective functions of SAMC. It was observed that SAMC (300 mg/kg, by gavage method) effectively ameliorated ALD-induced body weight reduction, steatosis, insulin resistance, and inflammation without affecting the health status of the control mice, as demonstrated by histological, biochemical, and molecular biology assays...

The fatty liver hemorrhage syndrome in laying hens is a disease of lipid metabolism disorders. Importantly, energy sensor AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) plays an essential role in homeostasis regulation of liver lipid. The current research aims to investigate the relationship between AMPK signaling pathway and lipid metabolism in laying hen hepatocytes and explore the underlying mechanisms. The steatotic hepatocytes model of laying hen was established and treated with AMPK agonist AICAR and inhibitor compound C...

Genistein can be used as a dietary additive to control fat deposition in animals, while its mechanism is poorly understood. In this study, a total of 144 male broilers were randomly divided into 4 groups. Birds were fed standard diets supplemented with 0, 50, 100 or 150 mg of genistein/kg from 21 to 42 d of age. Results showed that genistein treatment decreased the relative weight of abdominal fat and triglyceride contents in broiler chickens. Genistein downregulated hepatic lipid droplets accumulation and upregulated the activity of lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase and the concentration of adiponectin...

To investigate the anti-obesity effects and underlying mechanism of BS21, a combination of Phyllostachys pubescens leaves and Scutellaria baicalensis roots was used to investigate the effects of BS21 on adipogenesis, lipogenesis, and browning in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The expression of adipocyte-specific genes was observed via Western blot, and the BS21 chemical profile was analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC). BS21 treatment inhibited adipocyte differentiation and reduced the expression of the adipogenic proteins peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP-α), and adipocyte protein 2 (aP2), as well as the lipogenic proteins sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c) and fatty-acid synthase (FAS)...

Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) is the important pathogen of Newcastle Disease (ND) attacking chicken, turkey and other birds. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the effects of immune stress induced by ND vaccination and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on growth performance, antioxidant ability, and lipid metabolism of broilers. In total, 128 one-day-old broilers were randomly assigned to the following four groups and were treated as indicated: normal control (NC); vaccinated with live LaSota ND vaccine (CV); administered ND vaccine and 0...

Obesity is a major health concern in modern societies as it is linked to diverse chronic diseases, such as diabetes, cancer, stroke, and skeletomuscular disorders. This study aimed to investigate the lipolytic potency of the metabolic suppressor 3-iodothyronamine (T1AM) and its molecular mechanism in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Cells stained with Oil Red O showed a remarkable accumulation of lipid droplets by 20-d post-differentiation and a plateau at 26 - 30 day. Treatment with 100 μM T1AM for 6 h increased the liberation of free fatty acids (FFAs) and glycerol (P < 0...

Lipids play an important role in protecting poikilotherms from cold stress, but relatively little is known about the regulation of lipid metabolism under cold stress, especially in crustaceans. In the present study, red-clawed crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus was employed as a model organism. Animals were divided into four temperature groups (25, 20, 15 and 9 °C) and treated for 4 weeks, with the 25 °C group serving as a control. The total lipid content in the hepatopancreas as well as the triglyceride, cholesterol and free fatty acid levels in the hemolymph were determined...

The steatosis and resultant oxidative stress and apoptosis play the important roles in the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), therefore, searching for the effective drugs against NAFLD has been a hot topic. In this work, we investigated a hyperbranched proteoglycan, namely FYGL extracted from Ganoderma lucidum, inhibiting the palmitic acid (PA)-induced steatosis in HepG2 hepatocytes. FYGL compose of hydrophilic polysaccharide and lipophilic protein. Both moieties conclude the reductive residues, such as glucose and cystine, making FYGL capable of anti-oxidation...

Long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) play important roles in cellular energy metabolism, acting as both an important energy source and signalling molecules1 . LCFA-CoA esters promote their own oxidation by acting as allosteric inhibitors of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, which reduces the production of malonyl-CoA and relieves inhibition of carnitine palmitoyl-transferase 1, thereby promoting LCFA-CoA transport into the mitochondria for β-oxidation2-6 . Here we report a new level of regulation wherein LCFA-CoA esters per se allosterically activate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) β1-containing isoforms to increase fatty acid oxidation through phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase...

This study investigated if the protective effect of taurine against high fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis involves modulating the hepatic activity of 5' AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and levels/activity of the sterol regulatory element-binding proteins-1/2 (SREBP1/2). Rats were divided into four groups (n = 12/group) as (a) STD, fed standard diet (3.85 kcal/g); (b) STD + taurine (500 mg/kg); (c) HFD, fed HFD (4.73 kcal/g); and (d) HFD + taurine. All treatments were conducted for 12 weeks...

Neferine, an alkaloid component extracted from lotus seed embryos, is known for its anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antioxidant properties. However, the anti-adipogenic activity of neferine has not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, neferine was found to inhibit lipid accumulation in a dose-dependent manner during the differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells without inducing cytotoxicity. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunoblot analysis revealed the downregulation in the expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (C/EBPα), sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), and fatty acid synthase (FAS) and the upregulation in carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 (CPT-1) and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) levels following neferine treatment...

Background: As a typical representative of metabolic syndrome, obesity is also one of the extremely dangerous factors of cardiovascular diseases. Thus, the prevention and treatment of obesity has gradually become a global campaign. There have been many reports that green tea is effective in preventing obesity, but as a kind of green tea with regional characteristics, there have been no reports that Hakka stir-fried tea (HT) of different storage years has a weight loss effect. Aims: The aim was to investigate the effect of HT in diet-induced obese mice...

Adropin plays a role in the maintenance of energy homeostasis, insulin resistance prevention, and impaired glucose tolerance. However, the molecular mechanisms by which adropin affects hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism in vitro are not entirely understood. This study intended to examine the roles and underlying mechanisms of adropin in glucose and lipid metabolism in Nile tilapia. In primary cultured tilapia hepatocytes, adropin significantly attenuated oleic acid (OA)-induced glucose output and reduced the activities and mRNA expression of cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase), which are involved in gluconeogenesis...