Abnormal behavior

BACKGROUND: Childhood malnutrition is a public health issue in developing countries, leading to a double burden of malnutrition, which is associated with both overweight and underweight. OBJECTIVE: To assess body weight satisfaction and perception as well as body weight modification experiences, among adolescents from Saudi Arabia. METHOD: This study utilized a cross-sectional design targeting adolescents who attempted to modify their body weight...

A persistent and influential barrier to effective cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for patients with hoarding disorder (HD) is treatment retention and compliance. Recent research has suggested that HD patients have abnormal brain activity identified by functional magnetic resonance (fMRI) in regions often engaged for executive functioning (e.g., right superior frontal gyrus, anterior insula, and anterior cingulate), which raises questions about whether these abnormalities could relate to patients' ability to attend, understand, and engage in HD treatment...

Cocaine is a frequently abused and highly addictive drug that damages brain health and imposes substantial social and economic costs. Acupuncture has been used in the treatment of cocaine addiction and has been shown to improve abnormal mental and motor states. This article mainly focuses on the neurobiological mechanisms involving the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) that underlie the effects of acupuncture in the treatment of cocaine addiction. The central dopamine system is a key player in acupuncture treatment of cocaine addiction; the ventral tegmental area (VTA)-nucleus accumbens (NAc) signaling pathway, which has a modulatory influence on behavior and psychology after chronic use of cocaine, is a significant target of acupuncture action...

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with two core behavioral symptoms restricted/repetitive behavior and social-communication deficit. The unknown etiology of ASD makes it difficult to identify potential treatments. Valproic acid (VPA) is an anticonvulsant drug with teratogenic effects during pregnancy in humans and rodents. Prenatal exposure to VPA induces autism-like behavior in both humans and rodents. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of Diosgenin in prenatal Valproic acid-induced autism in rats...

Gelsemium elegans Benth. (G. elegans) is a traditional medicinal herb that has anti-inflammatory, analgesic, sedative, and detumescence effects. However, it can also cause intestinal side effects such as abdominal pain and diarrhea. The toxicological mechanisms of gelsenicine are still unclear. The objective of this study was to assess enterotoxicity induced by gelsenicine in the nematodes Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). The nematodes were treated with gelsenicine, and subsequently their growth, development, and locomotion behavior were evaluated...

PURPOSE: To determine the status of physical fitness, reproductive abnormalities, QOL and epilepsy associated stigma in women with epilepsy (WWE) and their association with ASM therapy and seizure frequency. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included WWE of reproductive age (18-50 years) on antiseizure medications (ASMs) for at least three months before enrolment. Physical fitness was assessed using International Physical Activity Questionnaires (IPAQ) and Body composition analysis...

Sensory abnormalities are observed in ~90% of individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. GluN2B, an NMDA receptor subunit that regulates long-term depression and circuit refinement during brain development, has been strongly implicated in ASD, but whether GRIN2B mutations lead to sensory abnormalities remains unclear. Here, we report that Grin2b-mutant mice show behavioral sensory hypersensitivity and brain hyperconnectivity associated with the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)...

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting 1 in 36 children and is associated with physiological abnormalities, most notably mitochondrial dysfunction, at least in a subset of individuals. This systematic review and meta-analysis discovered 204 relevant articles which evaluated biomarkers of mitochondrial dysfunction in ASD individuals. Significant elevations (all p < 0.01) in the prevalence of lactate (17%), pyruvate (41%), alanine (15%) and creatine kinase (9%) were found in ASD...

OBJECTIVE: How abnormal brain signaling impacts cognition in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) remained elusive. This study aimed to investigate the local and global brain signaling in ASD indicated by theta-band functional excitation-inhibition (fE/I) ratio and explored psychophysiological relationships between fE/I, cognitive deficits, and ASD symptomatology. METHODS: A total of 83 ASD and typically developing (TD) individuals participated in this study. Participants' interference control and set-shifting abilities were assessed...

One of the main tasks of the human visual system is to organize the temporal flow of visual events into meaningful patterns. It has been suggested that segregation/integration of continuous visual stimuli relies on temporal windows that are phase-locked to brain oscillations in the alpha frequency range (~10 Hz). From a behavioral point of view, the balance between integration and segregation is reflected in visual temporal acuity: the ability to perceive a small temporal gap between two identical stimuli...

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to explore the clinical characteristics and temporal disease course of patients with autoimmune encephalitis (AE) and paraneoplastic neurological syndrome (PNS) in Sweden. METHODS: Thirty-seven antibody-positive AE and PNS cases were identified in the Healthcare region Mid Sweden between 2015 and 2019. Clinical data were collected through a retrospective review of electronic health records. Patients were divided into three subgroups based on antibody type: neuronal surface antibodies (NSAbs), onconeural antibodies, and anti-GAD65 antibodies...

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and neuroinflammation play an important role in secondary brain damage after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Due to the complex brain cytoarchitecture, multiple cell types are affected by TBI. However, cell type-specific and sex-specific responses to ER stress and neuroinflammation remain unclear. Here we investigated differential regulation of ER stress and neuroinflammatory pathways in neurons and microglia during the acute phase post-injury in a mouse model of impact acceleration TBI in both males and females...

The effects of antipsychotic drugs on aquatic organisms have received widespread attention owing to their widespread use and continued release in aquatic environments. The toxicological effects of antipsychotics on aquatic organisms, particularly fish, are unexplored, and the underlying mechanisms remain unelucidated. This study aimed to use common carp to explore the effects of antipsychotics (olanzapine [OLA] and risperidone [RIS]) on behavior and the potential mechanisms driving these effects. The fish were exposed to OLA (0...

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to determine whether inhibition of mitophagy affects seizures through Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). METHODS: Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) was intraperitoneally injected daily to establish a chronic PTZ-kindled seizure. The Western blot (WB) was used to compare the differences in Parkin protein expression between the epilepsy group and the control group. Immunofluorescence was used to detect the expression of MitoTracker and LysoTracker...

Pitt-Hopkins syndrome (PTHS) is a rare genetic disorder resulting from TCF4 gene mutations which is characterized by dysmorphic facial features, psychomotor delay, intellectual disability, breathing anomalies, and seizures. Psychiatric conditions are occasionally seen. We present the case report of a seven-year-old PTHS patient with anxiety, insomnia, and agitation. We discuss the psychopharmacological intervention options for this patient. The present case study reports on a 7-year-old female with PTHS, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and intellectual disability...

Moisture usually deteriorates polymers' mechanical performance owing to its plasticizing effect, causing side effects in their practical load-bearing applications. Herein, a simple binary ionogel consisting of an amphiphilic polymer network and a hydrophobic ionic liquid (IL) is developed with remarkable stiffening effect after moisture absorption, demonstrating a complete contrast to water-induced softening effect of most polymer materials. Such a moisture-induced stiffening behavior is induced by phase separation after hydration of this binary ionogel...

BACKGROUND: Tumor genetic anomalies and immune dysregulation are pivotal in the progression of multiple myeloma (MM). Accurate patient stratification is essential for effective MM management, yet current models fail to comprehensively incorporate both molecular and immune profiles. METHODS: We examined 776 samples from the MMRF CoMMpass database, employing univariate regression with LASSO and CIBERSORT algorithms to identify 15 p53-related genes and six immune cells with prognostic significance in MM...

OBJECTIVE: Machine learning (ML) will have a large impact on medicine and accessibility is important. This study's model was used to explore various concepts including how varying features of a model impacted behavior. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study built an ML model that classified chest X-rays as normal or abnormal by using ResNet50 as a base with transfer learning. A contrast enhancement mechanism was implemented to improve performance. After training with a dataset of publicly available chest radiographs, performance metrics were determined with a test set...

C1GALT1 plays a pivotal role in colorectal cancer (CRC) development and progression through its involvement in various molecular mechanisms. This enzyme is central to the O-glycosylation process, producing tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACA) like Tn and sTn, which are linked to cancer metastasis and poor prognosis. The interaction between C1GALT1 and core 3 synthase is crucial for the synthesis of core 3 O-glycans, essential for gastrointestinal health and mucosal barrier integrity. Aberrations in this pathway can lead to CRC development...

Objective : This study aims to delineate the characteristics of severe self-injurious behaviors (SIB) in a cohort of children with autism and unspecified intellectual developmental disorder (UIDD) (intellectual disability) and examine potential risk factors for developing SIB. Methods : A retrospective chart review studied characteristics of severe SIB in 30 children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and UIDD referred to a tertiary care center. Characteristics examined include genetic syndromes, brain MRI abnormalities, verbal ability, adaptive functioning, SIB frequency and severity, age of onset, number of psychopharmacological agents, irritability, hyperactivity, stereotypy, psychiatric and physical comorbidities, among others...