HAVS

Accurate detection, identification, and subsequent confirmation of pathogens causing foodborne illness are essential for the prevention and investigation of foodborne outbreaks. This is particularly true when the causative agent is an enteric virus that has a very low infectious dose and is likely to be present at or near the limit of detection. In this study, whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was combined with either of two non-targeted pre-amplification methods (SPIA and SISPA) to investigate their utility as a confirmatory method for RT-qPCR positive results of foods contaminated with enteric viruses...

BACKGROUND: Rates of serious injection-related infections in persons who use drugs have increased. Resulting admissions are an opportunity for screening and vaccination of preventable infections such as hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and tetanus. DESIGN AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of adults with documented substance use admitted for bacterial infection between July 2015 and March 2020. We evaluated HAV, HBV, and tetanus vaccination status at admission, along with screening for HAV and HBV infection and immunity...

INTRODUCTION: acute acalculous cholecystitis (AAC) is defined as gallbladder inflammation without the presence of stones. Contrary, hepatitis A virus (HAV) can present with different symptoms; however, HAV causing and presenting as AAC is rare. CASE PRESENTATION: 41-year-old previously healthy patient presented with right upper quadrant abdominal pain. The pain was persistent and associated with vomiting and laboratory tests showed elevated bilirubin. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy showed inflamed gallbladder with no stones and intraoperative cholangiography showed no abnormalities...

Vaccines prevent a significant number of deaths annually. However, certain populations do not respond adequately to vaccination due to impaired immune systems. Cirrhosis, a condition marked by a profound disruption of immunity, impairs the normal immunization process. Critical vaccines for cirrhotic patients, such as the hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), influenza, pneumococcal, and coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), often elicit suboptimal responses in these individuals. The humoral response, essential for immunization, is less effective in cirrhosis due to a decline in B memory cells and an increase in plasma blasts, which interfere with the creation of a long-lasting response to antigen vaccination...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Hepatitis A virus (HAV)-related hepatitis is witnessing an epidemiological transition with increasing trends in adults. While uncomplicated hepatitis remains common, evidence suggests it to be a growing cause for acute liver failure (ALF). In between the two extremes exists severe acute liver injury (s-ALI) which has a propensity to transition to ALF. We aimed at describing the clinical profile of patients with HAV-related s-ALI and identifying potential predictors of progression to ALF...

Acute viral hepatitis E (HEV) is the most common form of acute viral hepatitis in India. It is associated with self-limiting disease in most cases. However, the chronic form of HEV is also being increasingly recognized. Other viral infections like the hepatitis A virus (HAV) have been implicated in inciting autoimmune hepatitis. HEV infection has been associated with the formation of circulating liver-directed autoantibodies, however autoimmune liver disease following acute HEV infection has been rarely reported...

Many oncology antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have failed to demonstrate efficacy in clinic because of dose-limiting toxicity caused by uptake into healthy tissues. We developed an approach that harnesses ADC affinity to broaden the therapeutic index (TI) using two anti-mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (MET) monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with high affinity (HAV) or low affinity (LAV) conjugated to monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE). The estimated TI for LAV-ADC was at least 3 times greater than the HAV-ADC...

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate differences in the anti-hepatitis A (HAV) antibody seropositivity rate by age and gender. METHODS: We collected information on anti-HAV immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin M status from samples submitted for HAV antibody testing in 2012-2022. A total of 1,333,615 cases were included in the analysis. RESULTS: By age, the seropositivity rate was represented by a U-shaped curve, such that the rate was low for the group aged 20 to 39 years and higher in those who were younger or older...

IMPORTANCE: Vaccination in patients with highly active multiple sclerosis (MS) requiring prompt treatment initiation may result in impaired vaccine responses and/or treatment delay. OBJECTIVE: To assess the immunogenicity and safety of inactivated vaccines administered during natalizumab treatment. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This self-controlled, prospective cohort study followed adult patients with MS from 1 study center in Spain from September 2016 to February 2022...

Stress-induced hyperalgesia (SIH) is induced by repeated or chronic exposure to stressful or uncomfortable environments. However, the neural mechanisms involved in the modulatory effects of the periaqueductal gray (PAG) and its associated loops on SIH development hav e not been elucidated. In the present study, we used chronic restraint stress (CRS)-induced hyperalgesia as a SIH model and manipulated neuronal activity via a pharmacogenetic approach to investigate the neural mechanism underlying the effects of descending pain-modulatory pathways on SIH...

Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) is a significant threat in terms of food safety. A systematic literature search with the research question "What are the clinical outcomes of foodborne Hepatitis A virus infections?" was conducted. The pooled estimate of the outcomes-mortality, hospitalization, and severity rates, along with a 95% confidence interval (CI), was estimated. After screening, 33 studies were included for the data extraction and meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of hospitalization among the HAV-positive patients was estimated to be 32% (95% CI 21-44), with high heterogeneity (I2  = 98%, p < 0...

INTRODUCTION: Infection with hepatitis A virus (HAV) is often asymptomatic in young children, but most adolescents and adults will have symptoms ranging from nausea and tiredness to acute liver failure and even death. The risk of severe disease is higher in older adults and people with pre-existing liver disease. Immunization is recommended in regions with low HAV endemicity levels, i.e., where people get infected later in life. In the Philippines, recent epidemiologic data on HAV infection are lacking...

INTRODUCTION: This study determines the incidence of common viral and helminth coinfections with malaria in the tertiary care hospital set up in southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The multidimensional research included malaria patients admitted to different hospitals of district Kohat during January and December 2021. Stool samples and blood were assembled from the patients. Giemsa-stained microscopy-positive samples were processed by the immunochromatography technique (ICT) to identify Plasmodium species...

OBJECTIVES: Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is the commonest cause for pediatric acute liver failure (PALF) in India. The objective of the study was to identify the predictors of mortality and to evaluate the utility of Peds-HAV model in a cohort of non-LT HAV-PALF. METHODS: The study included HAV-related PALF from two non-transplant centers. The predictors of outcome were identified by univariate analysis followed by Cox regression analysis. The prognostic accuracy of Peds-HAV model, King's College Hospital (KCH) criteria and pediatric end-stage liver disease score (PELD) were evaluated...

Foodborne illnesses involving raw and minimally processed foods are often caused by human noroviruses (HuNoV) and hepatitis A virus (HAV). Since food is contaminated usually with small numbers of virions, these must be eluted from the food surface and then concentrated for detection. The objective of this study was to optimize an ultrafiltration (UF) concentration method for HAV and HuNoVs present on various fresh and frozen produce. The detection range of the optimized method and its applicability to different food matrices was compared to the reference method ISO 15216-1:2017...

PURPOSE: The present study was conducted retrospectively to assess the frequency of acute viral hepatitis among the clinically suspected dengue cases presented at our tertiary care centre during 2021. METHODS: To determine the presence of acute viral hepatitis; Hepatitis A virus (HAV) and Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infections, 104 specimens were selected from the dengue-suspected clinical specimens received during 2021 on the basis of acute viral hepatitis symptoms...

Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection has disproportionately affected more men who have sex with men (MSM), occurring in outbreaks, despite being vaccine-preventable. We determined the prevalence and factors associated with HAV susceptibility among cisgender MSM on HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in Northeastern Brazil. From September 30, 2021 to June 19, 2023, 282 cisgender MSM receiving HIV PrEP were enrolled into this cross-sectional study. Sociodemographic and clinical information were collected. Blood samples were collected for screening of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and serum samples were tested for IgM and total anti-HAV antibodies...

Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is the most common cause of acute viral hepatitis, which is preventable by vaccination. This study analyzed trends of HAV infections in Poland according to socio-demographic features in the years 2009-2022 and assessed the potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic (2020-2023) and the migration of war refugees from Ukraine (since February 2022). In 2009-2022, 7115 new cases of HAV infection were diagnosed in Poland, especially among men (66.4%) and in urban areas (77.4%). Infections among men were most common at the age of 25-34 (median rate 0...

The indigenous populations of the Arctic regions of Russia experience the lowest coverage of health-related services. We assessed the prevalence of hepatitis A, B, C, D and E viruses (HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV and HEV) among 367 healthy adult Native people of the Arctic zone of Yakutia. The HAV seroprevalence was above and increased with age. The anti-HEV IgM and IgG antibody detection rates were 4.1% and 2.5%, respectively. The average HBsAg detection rate was 4.6%, with no positive cases identified in participants aged under 30 years, confirming the effectiveness of the newborn vaccination program that began in 1998...

Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has lately arised as a promising tool for monitoring and tracking viral pathogens in communities. In this study, we analysed WBE's role as a multi-pathogen surveillance strategy to detect the presence of several viral illness causative agents. Thus, an epidemiological study was conducted from October 2021 to February 2023 to estimate the weekly levels of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Respiratory Syncytial virus (RSV), and Influenza A virus (IAV) in influent wastewater samples (n = 69)...