niacin and lipoprotein a

Patients with atherosclerotic disease remain at increased risk of future events despite receiving optimal medical treatment. This residual risk is widely heterogeneous, but lipoprotein particles and their content play a major role in determining future cardiovascular events. Beyond low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), other lipoprotein particles have not demonstrated similar contribution to the progression of atherosclerosis. Statins, ezetimibe, and more recently, proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors and bempedoic acid have confirmed the causal role of LDL-c in the development of atherosclerosis...

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a frequent disorder that affects reproductive-aged women and has reproductive, metabolic, and psychosocial effects. This research was intended to investigate the comparison between food intake and adipose tissue distribution in Saudi women suffering from PCOS and a control group. To determine the sociodemographic variables, a case-control study was performed with patients from King Fahad Medical City's Reproductive Endocrine and Infertility Medicine Department (REIMD). The case-control study comprised 42 PCOS patients (PCOS-Ps) and 63 as a control group, all aged 20-45 years...

BACKGROUND: Curcumin nicotinate (Curtn), derived from curcumin and niacin, reduces serum LDL-C levels, partly due to its influence on PCSK9. This study investigates IDOL's role in Curtn's lipid-lowering effects. OBJECTIVE: To elucidate Curtn's regulation of the IDOL/LDLR pathway and potential molecular mechanisms in hepatocytes. METHODS: Differential metabolites in Curtn-treated HepG2 cells were identified via LC-MS. Molecular docking assessed Curtn's affinity with IDOL...

BACKGROUND: Lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] is a molecule that induces inflammation of the blood vessels, atherogenesis, valvular calcification, and thrombosis. METHODS: We review the available evidence that suggests that high Lp(a) levels are associated with a persisting risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases despite optimization of established risk factors, including low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. OBSERVATIONS: Approximately a quarter of the world population have Lp(a) levels of >50 mg/dL (125 nmol/L), a level associated with elevated cardiovascular risk...

Niacin has been investigated for its potential impact on lipid metabolism and cardiovascular health. This meta-analysis aims to systematically evaluate the effects of Niacin interventions on apolipoprotein A1 (Apo A1) and apolipoprotein B (Apo B) levels, key regulators of lipoprotein metabolism and markers of cardiovascular risk. A comprehensive search of the literature was performed on five databases of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase and Cochrane library, from inception up to 15 July 2023. This search identified 1452 publications, from which 12 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) met the inclusion criteria...

Hepatic lipidosis in dairy cows is the result of a disturbed balance between the uptake of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), their metabolism in the hepatocytes, and the limited efflux of TG as very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). Lipidosis and the associated risk for ketosis represents a consequence of selecting dairy cows primarily for milk production without considering the basic physiological mechanisms of this trait. The overall risk for lipidosis and ketosis possesses a genetic background and the recently released new breeding value of the German Holstein Friesian cows now sets the path for correction of this risk and in that confirms the assumed genetic threat...

Prolonged or excessive exposure to oxidized phospholipids (OxPLs) generates chronic inflammation. OxPLs are present in atherosclerotic lesions and can be detected in plasma on apolipoprotein B (apoB)-containing lipoproteins. When initially conceptualized, OxPL-apoB measurement in plasma was expected to reflect the concentration of minimally oxidized LDL, but, surprisingly, it correlated more strongly with plasma lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) levels. Indeed, experimental and clinical studies show that Lp(a) particles carry the largest fraction of OxPLs among apoB-containing lipoproteins...

OBJECTIVE: To update the 2015 clinical practice guideline and provide a simplified approach to lipid management in the prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) for primary care. METHODS: Following the Institute of Medicine's Clinical Practice Guidelines We Can Trust , a multidisciplinary, pan-Canadian guideline panel was formed. This panel was represented by primary care providers, free from conflicts of interest with industry, and included the patient perspective...

Acute pancreatitis results in high morbidity and mortality. Gallstones and alcoholism are considered leading causes of acute pancreatitis. However, increasing prevalence of obesity, diabetes and lifestyle choices has resulted in Hypertriglyceridaemia induced pancreatitis (HTAP) becoming more common. HTAP is said to be more severe than other causes. The treatment options available vary including intravenous (IV) insulin, heparin, plasma exchange, fibrates, niacin, omega three fatty acids and dietary restrictions...

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is still a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, despite all the progress achieved as regards to both prevention and treatment. Having high levels of lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease that operates independently. It can increase the risk of developing cardiovascular disease even when LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) levels are within the recommended range, which is referred to as residual cardiovascular risk. Lp(a) is an LDL-like particle present in human plasma, in which a large plasminogen-like glycoprotein, apolipoprotein(a) [Apo(a)], is covalently bound to Apo B100 via one disulfide bridge...

Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is a well-established risk factor for cardiovascular disease, predisposing to major cardiovascular events, including coronary heart disease, stroke, aortic valve calcification and abdominal aortic aneurysm. Lp(a) is differentiated from other lipoprotein molecules through apolipoprotein(a), which possesses atherogenic and antithrombolytic properties attributed to its structure. Lp(a) levels are mostly genetically predetermined and influenced by the size of LPA gene variants, with smaller isoforms resulting in a greater synthesis rate of apo(a) and, ultimately, elevated Lp(a) levels...

To research the health and nutritional status in Korean children and adolescents belonging to food insecure households (FI), the preregistered secondary data of 18 items from the Food Security Evaluation in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES; 2012-2019) were used. Comparative analyses (food security group [FS], ( n = 3150) vs. FI, ( n = 405) of household characteristics, health status (anthropometrics, clinics, mentality), and nutritional status (nutrient intake, diet-quality, and pattern) were performed in children (boys: 1871, girls: 1684) aged 10-18 years...

Lipoprotein(a), or Lp(a), is structurally like low-density lipoprotein (LDL) but differs in that it contains glycoprotein apolipoprotein(a) [apo(a)]. Due to its prothrombotic and proinflammatory properties, Lp(a) is an independent risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and aortic valve stenosis. Lp(a) levels are genetically determined, and it is estimated that 20%-25% of the global population has an Lp(a) level ≥50 mg/dL (or ≥125 nmol/L). Diet and lifestyle interventions have little to no effect on Lp(a) levels...

High-density lipoprotein (HDL) contributes to reverse cholesterol transport, which is 1 of the main explanations for the described inverse association between HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk. However, efforts to therapeutically raise HDL-C levels with niacin, fibrates, or cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitors have not demonstrated a reduction in ASCVD events when compared with placebo among individuals treated with statins. Furthermore, mendelian randomization studies suggest that HDL-C is unlikely to be a direct biologic variable impacting ASCVD risk...

OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN: In this cross-sectional study, evaluation of the association between four dietary patterns, nutrients and food intakes and an array of systemic inflammation biomarkers and lipid profile among 80 New Zealand postmenopausal women were conducted. MATERIALS: Eighty postmenopausal women participated in the study. A validated food frequency questionnaire was used to collect nutrients and food intake. Four dietary patterns were identified by principal component analysis (PCA) and plasma samples collected for inflammatory biomarkers and lipid profile measures...

Hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) is a prevalent medical condition in patients with cardiometabolic risk factors and is associated with an increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), if left undiagnosed and undertreated. Current guidelines identify HTG as a risk-enhancing factor and, as a result, recommend clinical evaluation and lifestyle-based interventions to address potential secondary causes of elevated triglyceride (TG) levels. For individuals with mild to moderate HTG at risk of ASCVD, statin therapy alone or in combination with other lipid-lowering medications known to decrease ASCVD risk are guideline-endorsed...

Numerous studies have shown that a low level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) is an independent biomarker of cardiovascular disease. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is considered to be a protective factor for atherosclerosis (AS). Therefore, raising HDL-C has been widely recognized as a promising strategy to treat atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVD). However, several studies have found that increasing HDL-C levels does not necessarily reduce the risk of ASCVD. HDL particles are highly heterogeneous in structure, composition, and biological function...

Medical nutrition treatment can manage diabetes and slow or prevent its complications. The comparative effects of micronutrient supplements, however, have not yet been well established. We aimed at evaluating the comparative effects of vitamin and mineral supplements on managing glycemic control and lipid metabolism for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) to inform clinical practice. Electronic and hand searches for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were performed until June 1, 2022. We selected RCTs enrolling patients with T2DM who were treated with vitamin supplements, mineral supplements, or placebo/no treatment...

OBJECTIVE: To review evidence of existing and new pharmacological therapies for lowering lipoprotein(a) (Lp[a]) concentrations and their impact on clinically relevant outcomes. METHODS: We searched for literature pertaining to Lp(a) and pharmacological treatments in PubMed. We reviewed articles published between 1963 and 2020. RESULTS: We found that statins significantly increased Lp(a) concentrations. Therapies that demonstrated varying degrees of Lp(a) reduction included ezetimibe, niacin, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitors, lipoprotein apheresis, fibrates, aspirin, hormone replacement therapy, antisense oligonucleotide therapy, and small interfering RNA therapy...

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a common, inherited disorder of cholesterol metabolism. This pathology is usually an autosomal dominant disorder and is caused by inherited mutations in the APOB, LDLR, and PCSK9 genes. Patients can have a homozygous or a heterozygous genotype, which determines the severity of the disease and the onset age of cardiovascular disease (CVD) manifestations. The incidence of heterozygous FH is 1: 200-250, whereas that of homozygous FH is 1: 100.000-160.000. Unfortunately, FH is often diagnosed too late and after the occurrence of a major coronary event...