Wen-Cheng Yue, Zixiong Yuan, Peiyuan Huang, Yizhe Sun, Tan Gao, Yang-Yang Lyu, Xuecou Tu, Sining Dong, Liang He, Ying Dong, Xun Cao, Lin Kang, Huabing Wang, Peiheng Wu, Cristiano Nisoli, Yong-Lei Wang
Ferrotoroidicity-the fourth form of primary ferroic order-breaks both space and time-inversion symmetry. So far, direct observation of ferrotoroidicity in natural materials remains elusive, which impedes the exploration of ferrotoroidic phase transitions. Here we overcome the limitations of natural materials using an artificial nanomagnet system that can be characterized at the constituent level and at different effective temperatures. We design a nanomagnet array as to realize a direct-kagome spin ice. This artificial spin ice exhibits robust toroidal moments and a quasi-degenerate ground state with two distinct low-temperature toroidal phases: ferrotoroidicity and paratoroidicity...
April 29, 2024: Nature Nanotechnology