Radiotherapy OR (radiation therapy)

BACKGROUND: Glioblastomas are characterized by aggressive behavior. Surgery, radiotherapy, and alkylating agents, including temozolomide are the most common treatment options for glioblastoma. Often, conventional therapies fail to treat these tumors since they develop drug resistance. There is a need for newer agents to combat this deadly tumor. Natural products such as gedunin have shown efficacy in several human diseases. A comprehensive study of gedunin, an heat shock protein (HSP)90 inhibitor, has not been thoroughly investigated in glioblastoma cell lines with different genetic modifications...

Meningiomas are the most common intracranial neoplasms in adults. While most meningiomas are cured by resection, further treatment by radiotherapy may be needed, particularly in WHO grade 2 and 3 tumors which have an increased risk of recurrence, even after conventional therapies. Still, there is an urgent need for novel therapeutic strategies after exhaustion of local treatment approaches. Radionuclide therapies combine the specificity of tumor-specific antibodies or ligands with the cytotoxic activity of radioactive emitters...

BACKGROUND: Hypoxia is a common feature of many solid tumors and causes radiotherapy and immunotherapy resistance. Pharmacological inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) has emerged as a therapeutic strategy to reduce hypoxia. However, the OXPHOS inhibitors tested in clinical trials caused only moderate responses in hypoxia alleviation or trials were terminated due to dose-limiting toxicities. To improve the therapeutic benefit, FDA approved OXPHOS inhibitors (e.g. atovaquone) were conjugated to triphenylphosphonium (TPP+ ) to preferentially target cancer cell's mitochondria...

BACKGROUND: Stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy (SABR) is an emerging treatment alternative for patients with localized low and intermediate risk prostate cancer patients. As already explored by some authors in the context of conventional moderate hypofractionated radiotherapy, focal boost of the index lesion defined by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is associated with an improved biochemical outcome. The objective of this phase II trial is to determine the effectiveness (in terms of biochemical, morphological and functional control), the safety and impact on quality of life, of prostate SABR with MRI guided focal dose intensification in males with intermediate and high-risk localized prostate cancer...

Drug resistance represents a significant obstacle in cancer treatment, underscoring the need for the discovery of novel therapeutic targets. Ubiquitin-specific proteases (USPs), a subclass of deubiquitinating enzymes, play a pivotal role in protein deubiquitination. As scientific research advances, USPs have been recognized as key regulators of drug resistance across a spectrum of treatment modalities, including chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and radiotherapy. This comprehensive review examines the complex relationship between USPs and drug resistance mechanisms, focusing on specific treatment strategies and highlighting the influence of USPs on DNA damage repair, apoptosis, characteristics of cancer stem cells, immune evasion, and other crucial biological functions...

Ferroptosis is a type of regulated cell death characterized by iron accumulation and uncontrolled lipid peroxidation, leading to plasma membrane rupture and intracellular content release. Originally investigated as a targeted therapy for cancer cells carrying oncogenic RAS mutations, ferroptosis induction now exhibits potential to complement chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and radiotherapy in various cancer types. However, it can lead to side effects, including immune cell death, bone marrow impairment, liver and kidney damage, cachexia (severe weight loss and muscle wasting), and secondary tumorigenesis...

BACKGROUND: While radiation therapy remains pivotal in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) treatment, the perplexing phenomenon of post-radiation metastasis presents a formidable clinical challenge. This study investigates the role of fibrinogen-like protein 1 (FGL1) in driving ESCC metastasis following radiation exposure. METHODS: FGL1 expression in post-radiation ESCC cells was meticulously examined using qRT-PCR, western blotting, and immunofluorescence...

Radiotherapy is a mainstay of cancer treatment. The clinical response to radiotherapy is heterogeneous, from a complete response to early progression. Recent studies have explored the importance of patient characteristics in response to radiotherapy. In this editorial, we invite contributions for a BMC Cancer collection of articles titled 'Advances in personalized radiotherapy' towards the improvement of treatment response.

INTRODUCTION: Focused ultrasound (FUS) is an innovative and emerging technology for the treatment of adult and pediatric brain tumors and illustrates the intersection of various specialized fields, including neurosurgery, neuro-oncology, radiation oncology, and biomedical engineering. OBJECTIVE: The authors provide a comprehensive overview of the application and implications of FUS in treating pediatric brain tumors, with a special focus on pediatric low-grade gliomas (pLGGs) and the evolving landscape of this technology and its clinical utility...

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive malignant primary brain tumor in adults. Current treatment options for GBM include surgical resection, radiation, and chemotherapy, which predominantly slow cancer growth and reduce symptoms, resulting in a 5-year survival rate of no more than 10%. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is a new class of cellular immunotherapy that has made great progress in treating malignant tumors. Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is overexpressed in GBM and may provide a potential therapeutic target for GBM treatment...

PURPOSE: This study is to conduct a comprehensive scoping review to map scientific evidence and clarify concepts regarding the commonly recommended preventive and restorative dental treatments for patients diagnosed with head and neck cancer (HNC) and subjected to radiotherapy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This systematic scoping review was performed under the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. The study's experimental design was registered in the Open Science Framework. In vitro studies that evaluated preventive and restorative dental treatment over 50 Gy radiation doses were included...

INTRODUCTION: There has been an increase in the need for diagnostic imaging services globally, which is faster than the capacity of radiologists. The current workforce model is not sustainable due to the predicted aging of the population and the contraction of the healthcare workforce. By extending the role of radiographers to a specific range of radiological reporting tasks. It may be possible to meet demand and relieve some pressure on radiologists and increase radiographer satisfaction and retention...

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No abstract text is available yet for this article.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The use of Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT) in lung cancer is increasing. However, there is no consensus on the most appropriate treatment planning and delivery practice for lung SBRT. To gauge the range of practice, quantify its variability and identify where consensus might be achieved, ESTRO surveyed the medical physics community. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An online survey was distributed to ESTRO's physicist membership in 2022, covering experience, dose and fractionation, target delineation, dose calculation and planning practice, imaging protocols, and quality assurance...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Recently, a comprehensive xerostomia prediction model was published, based on baseline xerostomia, mean dose to parotid glands (PG) and submandibular glands (SMG). Previously, PET imaging biomarkers (IBMs) of PG were shown to improve xerostomia prediction. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the potential improvement of the additional PET-IBMs from both PG and SMG to the recent comprehensive xerostomia prediction model (i.e., the reference model). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Totally, 540 head and neck cancer patients were split into training and validation cohorts...

Thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) serve as compact and user-friendly tools for various applications, including personal radiation dosimetry and radiation therapy. This study explores the potential of utilizing TLD-100 personal dosimetry, conventionally applied in PET/CT (positron emission tomography/computed tomography) settings, in the PET/MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) environment. The integration of MRI into conventional radiotherapy and PET systems necessitates ionizing radiation dosimetry in the presence of static magnetic fields...

PURPOSE: Diffusing alpha-emitters radiation therapy (DaRT) is a brachytherapy technique using α-particles to treat solid tumours. The high linear energy transfer (LET) and short range of α-particles make them good candidates for the targeted treatment of cancer. Treatment planning of DaRT requires a good understanding of the dose from α-particles and the other particles released in the 224 Ra decay chain. METHODS: The Geant4 Monte Carlo toolkit has been used to simulate a DaRT seed to better understand the dose contribution from all particles and simulate the DNA damage due to this treatment...

Thorium-227 was separated from its progeny and standardized for activity by the triple-to-double coincidence ratio (TDCR) method of liquid scintillation counting. Confirmatory liquid scintillation-based measurements were made using efficiency tracing with 3 H and live-timed anticoincidence counting (LTAC). The separation time and the efficiency of the separation were confirmed by gamma-ray spectrometry. Calibrations for reentrant pressurized ionization chambers, including commercial radionuclide calibrators, and a well-type NaI(Tl) detector are discussed...

A 3D-printed bolus is being developed to deliver accurate doses to superficial cancers. In this study, flexible thermoplastic filaments, specifically PLA, TPU, PETG, and HIPS, were fabricated into boluses and then compared to commercial bolus for the variation of the dose elevation region of photon beams. The experimental results indicate that the maximum dose depth is similar, and the consistent trend of the percentage depth dose confirms the potential usage as a build-up bolus.