pachychoroid

Purpose: To report multimodal imaging features of an unusual case of multiple focal choroidal excavations (FCE) associated to macular intrachoroidal cavitations (ICC) and choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in a non-myopic patient with normal choroidal thickness. Methods: Observational case report. Results: A 69-year-old non-myopic male patient with history of macular CNV of unknown etiology in the right eye (RE), initially treated with Bevacizumab intravitreal injections with significant improvement of visual acuity...

PURPOSE: To perform an unsupervised machine learning clustering of patients with punctate inner choroidopathy (PIC) and provide new insights into the significance of pachychoroid disease features in PIC eyes. METHODS: Retrospective multicenter study, including 102 eyes from 82 patients diagnosed with PIC. Demographics, clinical data, and multimodal imaging, including fundus photography, optical coherence tomography, and indocyanine green angiography, were collected...

PURPOSE: To report a case of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy associated with sector retinitis pigmentosa. METHODS: Case report. RESULTS: A 63-years-old woman presented with complaints of having painless progressive reduction of vision in the left eye (LE) for the past 6 months. On examination, her best-corrected visual acuity was 20/20 in the right eye and 20/125 in the LE. Based on fundus examination and multimodal imaging findings, both eyes were diagnosed to have sector retinitis pigmentosa, and an associated active extramacular polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy was seen in the LE...

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to describe a case of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy, showing a newly developed focal choroidal excavation during a 4-year follow-up period with multiple intravitreal antivascular endothelial growth factor injections. METHODS: This study was a case report. RESULTS: A 64-year-old man was referred for treatment of age-related macular degeneration in his left eye. His corrected visual acuity at initial presentation was 20/20 in both the right and left eye...

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) causes visual impairment in individuals who are >50 years of age. However, no study has investigated AMD when using ultra-wide-field swept-source optical coherence tomography (UWF SS-OCT). We aimed to evaluate central and peripheral choroidal thicknesses using UWF SS-OCT, and to compare these across the AMD subtypes. We included 75 eyes of patients with typical AMD (tAMD), 56 with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV), 29 with pachychoroid neovasculopathy (PNV), and 12 with retinal angiomatous proliferation (RAP)...

We report the case of a 57-year-old female patient who presented with defective vision in the right eye due to large hemorrhagic pigment epithelial detachment with subretinal hemorrhage near the arcades with scattered retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) alteration at the macula and minimal vitreous hemorrhage inferiorly. The left eye showed right angle perifoveal dipping venule with RPE alteration temporal to the fovea, intraretinal RPE stellate plaque at the macula area. Multimodal imaging features including color fundus photo, red-free photograph, optical coherence tomography (OCT), enhanced depth imaging OCT, fundus fluorescein angiography, indocyanine green angiography, and OCT angiography were studied along with treatment response...

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate choroidal vein (ChV) morphological features in pachychoroid disease (PCD) with choroidal vascular hyperpermeability (CVH). METHODS: This retrospective study assessed subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) and CVH area numbers and locations of recruited patients with PCD using multimodal images. ChV alteration patterns, including fusiform, bulbosity, sausaging, confluence, and anastomoses, as well as asymmetric ChVs, dominant ChVs, and non-dominant ChVs, were evaluated using wide-field indocyanine green angiograms...

INTRODUCTION: The term "pachychoroid" (greek pachy- [παχύ] - thick) was first used by Warrow et al. in 2013. It is defined as an abnormal and permanent increase in choroidal thickness ≥ 300 μm, which is caused by dilatation of the choroidal vessels of the Haller's layer, thinning of the Sattler's layer and the choriocapillaris layer. METHODOLOGY: Literary research focused on the current view of pachychoroid spectrum diseases, including clarification of the pathophysiological theories of the formation of "pachychoroid"...

BACKGROUND: A number of articles report the association of polypoidal lesions and choroidal nevi; however, the relationship between choroidal nevi and pachychoroidal disorders has not been studied. OBJECTIVES: To study the prevalence of choroidal nevi in central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) patients and to elucidate potential differences in the clinical characteristics of CSCR in patients with and without choroidal nevi. DESIGN: Case-control study...

PURPOSE: Central Serous Chorioretinopathy (CSCR) is a prevalent ocular disease classified in the pachychoroidal spectrum with an elevated morbidity. Although the pathogenesis is yet unclear, mineralocorticoid-mediated pathways seem to be implicated. Primary hyperaldosteronism (PA) is a relatively frequent, albeit underdiagnosed, cause of hypertension, and has a specific therapy. A previous study assessed the prevalence of CSCR-like signs in a cohort of patients diagnosed with PA and found signs in seven out of thirteen PA patients...

PURPOSE: To evaluate the changes in the choroidal macular anastomoses after photodynamic therapy (PDT) and in the follow-up of patients with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) by en face optical coherence tomography (EF-OCT). METHODS: Prospective study using EF-OCT images of patients with chronic CSCR treated by PDT with a minimum follow-up of 12 months and with the presence of at least two prominent anastomoses in the macula. Scans of 6 × 6 mm and 12 × 12 mm were made to assess the changes in choroidal macular anastomoses (defined as a diameter ≥150 µm) crossing the medial raphe...

PURPOSE: To assess the long-term morpho-functional retinal and choroidal changes in chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (cCSC) pachychoroid eyes in response to continuous oral eplerenone (EPL) treatment. METHODS: This pilot study was conducted on patients with unilateral exudative cCSC. We enrolled a total of 17 exudative cCSC and 17 non-exudative fellow eyes of 17 patients. Baseline best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and anatomical (structural optical coherence tomography [OCT] and OCT angiography) parameters in both eyes were collected at baseline...

PURPOSE: To describe the optical coherence tomography features of pachyvitelliform maculopathy (PVM), an acquired vitelliform lesion (AVL) associated with pachychoroid disease. METHODS: This study was a retrospective, multicentre, observational analysis.Medical records and multimodal imaging were reviewed in all patients with pachychoroid disease and AVL. Visual acuity, central choroidal thickness (CCT), AVL dimensions, total choroidal area, luminal choroidal area, stromal choroidal area and choroidal vascular index were measured in all eyes with PVM and compared with normal age-matched control eyes...

Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR), first described by Albrecht von Graefe in 1866, is characterized by focal serous detachment of the neural retina and/or retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in the posterior pole. CSCR is the first ever described pachychoroid disease. Most recently, hypothetical venous overload choroidopathy is also proposed due to its distinguished morphological and pathological characteristics, including choroidal thickening, choriocapillaris hyperpermeability, remodelling, and intervortex venous anastomoses...

PURPOSE: To describe the role of multimodal imaging in a case of coexisting pachychoroid diseases. CASE DESCRIPTION: We report a case of a 43 year old lady with coexistent central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) and pachychoroid neovasculopathy (PNV) in the same eye which posed a diagnostic challenge. Fundus examination showed neurosensory detachment (NSD) at the macula along with retinal pigment epithelial alterations. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) showed a shallow pigment epithelial detachment and OCT angiography showed the presence of vascular network in outer retina choriocapillaris slab suggesting a diagnosis of PNV...

BACKGROUND: The present study compared clinical features and outcomes of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) with and without pachychoroid. METHODS: It was a retrospective, longitudinal, record-based study which included eyes with CSC. Patients underwent spectral domain optical coherence tomography and differentiated between pachychoroid and non-pachychoroid groups. Eyes were divided into pachychoroid and non-pachychoroid groups based on the subfoveal choroidal thickness of 300 microns and the presence of pachyvessels...

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to describe the effect of topical prednisolone on intraretinal fluid in patients with peripapillary pachychoroid syndrome. METHODS: We selected 11 consecutive patients (17 eyes) with a diagnosis of peripapillary pachychoroid syndrome, who were treated with topical prednisolone (Pred Forte [PF] 10 mg/mL) three times daily for 4 weeks. We tapered off PF among patients who demonstrated a reduction of intraretinal fluid. RESULTS: Of the included 17 eyes, the average follow-up before PF treatment ranged from 6 to 192 months, during which patients experienced no apparent reduction of intraretinal fluid...

PURPOSE: To report an atypical case of pachychoroid spectrum disease associated with subretinal drusenoid deposits and geographic atrophy. METHODS: Case report. RESULTS: A 67-year-old woman presented for a routine examination. Her best-corrected visual acuity was 20/20 in both eyes. Based on fundus examination and multimodal imaging findings, the presence of subretinal drusenoid deposits and geographic atrophy was seen in the right eye, which was associated with pachychoroid...

PURPOSE: This study aimed to examine baseline characteristics for identifying factors associated with vision loss (VL) in patients with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) who successfully responded to photodynamic therapy (PDT). DESIGN: A retrospective, clinical case-control study. METHODS: This study included eighty-five eyes with CSC, which underwent PDT, and resolved serous retinal detachment. These eyes were classified into two groups: the VL group (best corrected visual acuity [BCVA] six months post-PDT was worse than that at baseline) and the vision maintenance or improved (VMI) group (the others)...

PURPOSE: To elucidate the clinical characteristics and progression rate of geographic atrophy (GA) associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in a Japanese population. DESIGN: Retrospective, multicenter, observational study. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 173 eyes from 173 patients from six university hospitals in Japan were included. Of 173 study eyes, 101 eyes from 101 patients were included in the follow-up group. All patients were Japanese, aged ≥ 50 years, and had definite GA associated with AMD in at least one eye...