endocarditis in children

INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE: Fever of unknown origin (FUO) in children poses a complex challenge for doctors. It involves a broad spectrum of potential diagnoses, with infectious diseases being the predominant culprits, followed by connective tissue disorders and malignancies. CASE PRESENTATION: A 4-year-old boy with a prior diagnosis of a congenital bicuspid aortic valve was admitted to our hospital after experiencing two months of intermittent high-grade fever, severe nighttime headaches, and episodes of nausea and vomiting...

BACKGROUND: Salmonella derby ( S. derby ) is a Gram-negative diplococcus that is common in the digestive tract. Infected patients generally experience symptoms such as fever and diarrhea. Mild cases are mostly self-healing gastroenteritis, and severe cases can cause fatal typhoid fever. Clinical cases are more common in children. The most common form of S. derby infection is self-healing gastroenteritis, in which, fever lasts for about 2 d and diarrhea for < 7 d. S. derby can often cause bacterial conjunctivitis, pneumonia, endocarditis, peritonitis and urethritis...

Infective endocarditis can be acute or subacute. It can be caused by viral, bacterial, fungal, and sometimes nonbacterial etiologies. It is an important cause of mortality and morbidity in children as well as adolescents, despite advances in management. A 59-year-old male with a past medical history of aortic valve (AV) replacement on warfarin presented to the Emergency Department with dull right flank pain and poor dentition on examination. Computerized tomography (CT) scans of the abdomen revealed the presence of splenic and renal infarcts...

BACKGROUND: Infective endocarditis (IE) is a serious complication primarily affecting patients with cardiac conditions. It is widely recognized that oral microorganisms contribute to the development of IE. OBJECTIVES: The objective is to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and perception of parents of children at risk of IE by studying the preventive measures employed by them. MATERIALS AND METHODS:  A self-constructed questionnaire composed of 14 questions was distributed among parents of children aged 0-12 years with known cardiac diseases...

Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is a significant cause of bacterial infections ranging from mild infections affecting the respiratory tract such as otitis media and sinusitis to severe diseases including bacteremia, pneumonia, and invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) (eg, meningitis, septic arthritis, and endocarditis). Pneumococcal vaccines were first developed in the 1970s as capsular pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines, which were T-cell independent and hence lacked immunologic memory. Subsequently in the year 2000, pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV) conjugated to a protein to increase immunogenicity were developed and made commercially available...

BACKGROUND: We noted a recent increase in cases of infective endocarditis (IE) at our institution. The purpose of the study is to examine the incidence, risk factors, microbiology and outcome of IE in our pediatric population. METHODS: Retrospective review of IE cases during 2002-2020 at Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit. RESULTS: 68 patients with IE were identified. There was a 2-fold increase in incidence during the 2012-2020 (late period) compared to the 2002-2011 (early period)...

Granulicatella adiacens is a rare variant of the Streptococcus bacteria. When isolated, G. adiacens has been described in cases of endocarditis and bacteremia, but less commonly seen in isolated pyogenic infections. We report a case of a parapharyngeal abscess caused by G. adiacens in an otherwise healthy 10-month-old infant, which was successfully treated with antibiotics and surgical drainage. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first described case of a pediatric deep soft tissue neck infection caused by G...

INTRODUCTION: Staphylococci other than Staphylococcus aureus (SOSA) have emerged as significant pathogens in healthcare settings, particularly among patients with indwelling devices and immunocompromised individuals. Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus and Staphylococcus hominis are the most common commensal SOSA species and are implicated in infections such as endocarditis and bacteremia. SOSA infections in neonates and children have been reported globally. Recent increases in antibiotic resistance and virulence among SOSA strains in clinical settings have highlighted the need to describe the reservoirs of SOSA to enable monitoring of these emerging pathogens...

BACKGROUND: Adjunctive diagnostic studies (aDS) are recommended to identify occult dissemination in patients with candidemia. Patterns of evaluation with aDS across pediatric settings are unknown. METHODS: Candidemia episodes were included in a secondary analysis of a multicenter comparative effectiveness study that prospectively enrolled participants age 120 days to 17 years with invasive candidiasis (predominantly candidemia) from 2014 to 2017. Ophthalmologic examination (OE), abdominal imaging (AbdImg), echocardiogram, neuroimaging, and lumbar puncture (LP) were performed per clinician discretion...

OBJECTIVES: To support clinical decision-making in children with aortic valve disease, by compiling the available evidence on outcome after paediatric aortic valve repair (AVr). METHODS: A systematic review of literature reporting clinical outcome after paediatric AVr (mean age at surgery <18 years) published between 1 January 1990 and 23 December 2021 was conducted. Early event risks, late event rates and time-to-event data were pooled. A microsimulation model was employed to simulate the lives of individual children, infants and neonates following AVr...

Infective endocarditis (IE) is a disease of the endocardium, which leads to the appearance of vegetation on the valves, cardiac structures, or, potentially, vascular endothelium of the heart. The risk of IE can be increased more than 140 times by congenital heart disease (50-59% of all IE), particularly if cyanotic. An increase in mortality may result from IE in patients with a complex cardiac pathology or patients with an implanted prosthetic material, most frequently conduits in a pulmonary position. Cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIED) infective endocarditis is a life-threatening complication representing 10% of all cases of endocarditis...

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the associations between exposure to antenatal corticosteroids and serious infection in children during the first three, six, and 12 months of life. DESIGN: Nationwide cohort study. SETTING: National Health Insurance Research Database, Birth Reporting Database, and Maternal and Child Health Database, 1 January 2008 to 31 December 2019, to identify all pregnant individuals and their offspring in Taiwan. PARTICIPANTS: 1 960 545 pairs of pregnant individuals and their singleton offspring...

This study aimed to evaluate ceftriaxone pharmacokinetics that affects the achievement of targets in the treatment of critically ill children (meningitis, pneumonia, urinary tract infection, peritonitis, and infective endocarditis( who were admitted to Zagazig University Pediatric hospital in Egypt to monitor for the drug adverse effects.Blood samples were obtained from 24 hospitalized pediatric patients (ages ranging from 2.5 months to 12 years) after administering the calculated dose of ceftriaxone via intravenous bolus route...

Maintaining optimal oral health behavior in children with a congenital heart defect (CHD) is important in managing the risk for caries development and infective endocarditis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of an early and repeat oral health promotion intervention (OHPI) among of children with major CHD. Randomized controlled trial including 72 out of 91 children born in Finland 1.4.2017-31.10.2020 with a) major CHD potentially included in the criteria of endocarditis prophylaxis or b) any CHD with surgical repair combined with a chromosomal syndrome...

The indications for cryopreserved allografts in aortic valve replacement are still debatable. We aim to identify factors influencing early and long-term durability of the aortic homograft and to define subgroups of patients with an improved long-term quality of life, survival, and freedom from structural valve degeneration (SVD). We evaluated our series of 210 patients who underwent allograft implantation with a retrospective cohort study design over a period of 20 years. Endpoints were overall mortality, cardiac mortality related to SVD, the incidence of SVD, reoperation, and a composite endpoint comprising major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCEs), which includes cardiac death both related and not related to SVD, subsequent aortic valve surgery, new or recurrent infection of implanted allograft, recurrent aortic regurgitation, rehospitalization for heart failure, an increase in New York Heart Association (NYHA) class of ≥1, or cerebrovascular events...

Most investigations into the distribution of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) have focused exclusively on bloodborne infections within individual health care institutions for shorter time periods. This has limited the analysis of a community-spread pathogen to snapshots within the hospital domain. Therefore, in this study we determined the demographic and geographical patterns of MRSA infections and their fluctuation in 10 years within all public hospitals in Gauteng, South Africa. A retrospective analysis of S...

Objective: Congenital heart disease (CHD) plays a key role in oral and dental health regarding its own impacts on teeth (i.e., enamel hypoplasia), infective endocarditis and choice of dental treatment. The purpose of this study's comparing the oral and dental health status in children with or without CHD is to contribute to the literature by determining the effects of CHD on oral and dental health. Material and Methods: The present study was conducted using a descriptive and correlational design and consisted of 581 children aged between 6 months and 18 years who were healthy (n = 364) or experienced CHD (n = 217)...

OBJECTIVE: Transcatheter closure of medium and large ventricular septal defects (VSDs) in young children is limited due to the use of over-sized devices that can cause hemodynamic instability and arrhythmia. In this study, we aimed to retrospectively evaluate the safety and efficacy of the device in the mid-term in children weighing less than 10 kg whose transcatheter VSD was closed only with the Konar-MFO device. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Among 70 children whose transcatheter VSD was closed between January 2018 and January 2023, 23 patients weighing less than 10 kg were included in the study...

BACKGROUND: Septic pulmonary embolism is a rare disease in children. We aimed to assess the clinical, microbiological, and radiological characteristics and outcomes of pediatric septic pulmonary embolism (SPE) and to identify any predictive factors for in-hospital mortality in patients with this unusual disease to enhance prognosis and treatment. METHODS: A retrospective study to search the electronic medical records of children admitted to the pediatric pulmonology unit, Tanta University hospital with the diagnosis of SPE between January 2015 and June 2022...

Orthognathic surgery in young patients before completion of skeletal growth is still sharply discussed today. In the following case report of a 6-year-old patient, however, there was a vital indication for treatment. The main clinical symptoms were characterized by impaired hearing as a result of constantly recurring seromucotympanum and adenoids, persistent rhinorrhea and otorrhea, chronic tonsillitis and chronic otitis media. ENT interventions such as the partial C-tonsillectomy, paracentesis with tympanic drainage, adenotomy and tube dilation with balloon catheter did not bring lasting success...