insulin analog

OBJECTIVE: Sleeve gastrectomy (SG) is one of the most commonly performed bariatric surgeries. SG treats diabetes (T2D) better than many drugs. The mechanisms that underlie this phenomenon are not clear. We propose that somatostatin (SST) isoforms SST-14 and SST-28 are key in the carbohydrate after SG. METHODS: We performed surgeries on three groups of Wistar rats: the fasting (FC), surgery control (Sham), and SG groups. We measured plasma levels of glucose, insulin, SST-14 and SS-28 at two survival periods after surgery...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Postprandial hyperglycemia, or elevated blood glucose after meals, is associated with the development and progression of various diabetes-related complications. Prandial insulins are designed to replicate the natural insulin release after meals and are highly effective in managing post-meal glucose spikes. Currently, different types of prandial insulins are available such as human regular insulin, rapid-acting analogs, ultra-rapid-acting analogs, and inhaled insulins...

Diabetes is a medical condition associated with impaired glucose regulation caused either due to insufficient insulin production or resistance to insulin (Type 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes) or the absence of insulin through the selective killing of beta cells in the pancreas (Type 1 diabetes). Irregular insulin production leads to various health complications. To prevent such complications, patients must adhere to medical recommendations before availing of any advanced insulin therapy(ies), considered productive for the treatment...

BACKGROUND//OBJECTIVE: Diabetes affects millions of people globally, despite treatment options, adherence and other factors pose obstacles. Once-weekly Insulin Icodec, a novel basal Insulin analog with a week-long half-life, offers potential benefits, enhancing convenience, adherence, and quality of life for improved glycemic control. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of once-weekly Insulin Icodec compared to once-daily Insulin Glargine U-100 in individuals with type II diabetes (T2D)...

Central nervous system (CNS) control of metabolism plays a pivotal role in maintaining energy homeostasis. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1, encoded by Gcg ), secreted by a distinct population of neurons located within the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), suppresses feeding through projections to multiple brain targets 1-3 . Although GLP-1 analogs are proven clinically effective in treating type 2 diabetes and obesity 4 , the mechanisms of GLP-1 action within the brain remain unclear. Here, we investigate the involvement of GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) mediated signaling in a descending circuit formed by GLP-1R neurons in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN GLP-1R ) that project to dorsal vagal complex (DVC) neurons of the brain stem in mice...

Background and Objectives: Degludec (Deg) and glargine U300 (Gla-300) are insulin analogs with longer and smoother pharmacodynamic action than glargine U100 (Gla-100), a long-acting insulin that has been widely used for many years in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Both improve glycemic variability (GV) and the frequency of hypoglycemia, unlike Gla-100. However, it is unclear which insulin analog affects GV and hypoglycemia better in patients with insulin-dependent type 1 diabetes. We evaluated the effects of switching from Deg to Gla-300 on the day-to-day GV and the frequency of hypoglycemia in patients with insulin-dependent type 1 diabetes treated with Deg-containing basal-bolus insulin therapy (BBT)...

Progress in medical sciences aims for tailored therapy of civilization diseases like diabetes. Preclinical screening of new medicines superior to insulin should include the verification of their affinity to the membrane receptors naturally stimulated by this hormone: insulin receptor isoforms A and B and insulin-like growth factor receptor. Considering that the affinity constants obtained using different experimental conditions are incomparable, it is essential to develop a robust and reliable method to analyze these interactions...

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), secreted by L cells in the small intestine, assumes a central role in managing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity. Its influence on insulin secretion and gastric emptying positions it as a therapeutic linchpin. However, the limited applicability of native GLP-1 stems from its short half-life, primarily due to glomerular filtration and the inactivating effect of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV). To address this, various structural modification strategies have been developed to extend GLP-1's half-life...

Introduction: This study aimed to compare efficacy and safety of ultra-rapid-acting insulin analogs (URAIs; faster aspart [FAsp], ultra-rapid lispro [URLi], and technosphere insulin [TI]) with rapid-acting insulin analogs (RAI) in individuals with type 1 (T1D) or type 2 diabetes (T2D). Methods: Searching for randomized control trial comparing the effects of URAI versus RAI that lasted at least 12 weeks, we initially selected 15 studies for analysis. Three studies involving TI were excluded due to a high degree of heterogeneity...

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disorder that arises when the body cannot respond fully to insulin, leading to impaired glucose tolerance. Currently, the treatment embraces non-pharmacological actions (e.g., diet and exercise) co-associated with the administration of antidiabetic drugs. Metformin is the first-line treatment for T2DM; nevertheless, alternative therapeutic strategies involving glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogs have been explored for managing the disease. GLP-1 analogs trigger insulin secretion and suppress glucagon release in a glucose-dependent manner thereby, reducing the risk of hyperglycemia...

The activation of branched chain amino acid (BCAA) catabolism has garnered interest as a potential therapeutic approach to improve insulin sensitivity, enhance recovery from heart failure, and blunt tumor growth. Evidence for this interest relies in part on BT2, a small molecule that promotes BCAA oxidation and is protective in mouse models of these pathologies. BT2 and other analogs allosterically inhibit branched chain ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase (BCKDK) to promote BCAA oxidation, which is presumed to underlie the salutary effects of BT2...

Background Advances in pump technology and the availability of insulin analogs, as well as the results of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT), which established the benefit of improved glycemic control, have all contributed to the increased use of insulin pump therapy in recent years, particularly in children. Purpose This research aims to compare the impact of insulin delivery method, i.e., continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) or multiple daily injections (MDI) on glycemic control and the rate of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) among children with type 1 diabetes mellitus in Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia...

Signaling through Prostaglandin E2 EP3 receptor (EP3) actively contributes to the β-cell dysfunction of type 2 diabetes (T2D). In T2D models, full-body EP3 knockout mice have a significantly worse metabolic phenotype than wild-type controls due to hyperphagia and severe insulin resistance resulting from loss of EP3 in extra-pancreatic tissues, masking any potential beneficial effects of EP3 loss in the β-cell. We hypothesized β-cell-specific EP3 knockout (EP3 βKO) mice would be protected from high-fat diet (HFD)-induced glucose intolerance, phenocopying mice lacking the EP3 effector, Gɑz , which is much more limited in its tissue distribution...

The clinical use of insulin to treat diabetes started just over 100 years ago. The past century has witnessed remarkable innovations in insulin therapy, evolving from animal organ extracts to bioengineered human insulins with ultra-rapid onset or prolonged action. Insulin delivery systems have also progressed to current automated insulin delivery systems. In this review, we discuss the history of insulin and the pharmacology and therapeutic indications for a variety of available insulins, especially newer analog insulins...

Glucose-insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is an incretin hormone that induces insulin secretion and decreases blood glucose levels. In addition, it has been reported to suppress osteoclast formation. Native GIP is rapidly degraded by dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4). (D-Ala2 )GIP is a newly developed GIP analog that demonstrates enhanced resistance to DPP-4. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of (D-Ala2 )GIP on osteoclast formation and bone resorption during lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in vivo and in vitro...

Since its first use just over a century ago, insulin treatment has evolved dramatically, such that the molecules are physiologic in nature, and treatment can now closely resemble the natural hormone response over 24 hours. Newer, longer-acting basal insulin analogs have provided insulin therapies with improved characteristics and, therefore, ease of use, and can readily be incorporated as part of routine treatment for type 2 diabetes (T2D), but evidence suggests that insulin remains underused in people with T2D...

INTRODUCTION: The mortality ratio in patients with acromegaly has improved over the last few decades. We aimed to determine the mortality rate and correlated factors in patients with acromegaly before and after the introduction of national protocols for treatment. In addition, we determined whether there are sex-related differences in mortality of patients with acromegaly. METHODS: This observational retrospective study included 399 consecutive patients with acromegaly between January 2001-December 2022...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Large intestinal fermentation of dietary fiber may control meal-related glycemia and appetite via the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and the secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY). We investigated whether this mechanism contributes to the efficacy of the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) by assessing the effect of oligofructose-enriched inulin (inulin) vs. maltodextrin (MDX) on breath hydrogen (a marker of intestinal fermentation), plasma SCFAs, gut hormones, insulin and blood glucose concentrations as well as appetite in RYGB patients...

Introduction: More than two-thirds of patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) are overweight (OW) and/or obese (OB) in the USA and Western Europe, resulting in insulin resistance as in type 2 diabetes. None of the currently available glucagon like polypeptide 1 (GLP-1) analogs are approved for patients with T1D. A higher dose of semaglutide has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for subjects with body mass index (BMI) >27 kg/m2 . We evaluated the real-world use of semaglutide in patients with T1D...

BACKGROUND: SAR341402 insulin aspart (SAR-Asp) is a rapid-acting insulin analog developed as an interchangeable biosimilar to the marketed insulin aspart reference product (NovoLog; NN-Asp). GEMELLI X was a randomized controlled trial to assess outcomes with a biosimilar in line with the US Food and Drug Administration requirements for designation as an interchangeable biosimilar. This report assessed whether multiple switches between SAR-Asp and NN-Asp lead to equivalent safety and efficacy compared with continuous use of NN-Asp in adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D) treated with multiple daily injections, using once-daily insulin glargine U100 (Lantus) as the basal insulin...