ADHD

Both cortical and cerebellar developmental differences have been implicated in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Recently accumulating neuroimaging studies have highlighted hierarchies as a fundamental principle of brain organization, suggesting the importance of assessing hierarchy abnormalities in ADHD. A novel gradient-based resting-state functional connectivity analysis was applied to investigate the cerebro-cerebellar disturbed hierarchy in children and adolescents with ADHD. We found that the interaction of functional gradient between diagnosis and age was concentrated in default mode network (DMN) and visual network (VN)...

AIM: Evidence suggests an association between maternal hypothyroidism and risk of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in offspring. We examined the risk of ASD and ADHD in individuals with congenital hypothyroidism (CHT). METHODS: A nationwide population-based cohort study enrolled a total of 1260 children younger than 12 years with a confirmed diagnosis of CHT and no prior diagnosis of any neurodevelopmental disorders, selected from the National Health Insurance Research Database of Taiwan between 1998 to 2013...

OBJECTIVES: A high incidence of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been reported in chronic pain (ChP) patients. Furthermore, an association between ChP and muscular dysregulation has been reported in adults with ADHD. The present study investigated whether ADHD was more prevalent among psychiatric outpatients with ChP than those without ChP, and if there was an association between ChP, muscular dysregulation and characteristics of pain in patients with ADHD. METHODS: One-hundred and twenty-one individuals remitted to an outpatient psychiatry unit took part in this naturalistic epidemiological cross-sectional study...

This case report describes the therapeutic trajectory of a 47-year-old male ultra football fan from Switzerland, who was diagnosed and treated for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, together with comorbid alcohol misuse and insomnia. Prior to this episode of care, the patient exhibited symptoms of impulsivity and inattention and persistent patterns of harmful alcohol consumption, recurrently participating in football-related violence. A multimodal approach involving psychotherapy and psychopharmacology yielded notable improvements in symptom management...

BACKGROUND: White noise stimulation has demonstrated efficacy in enhancing working memory in children with ADHD. However, its impact on other executive functions commonly affected by ADHD, such as inhibitory control, remains largely unexplored. This research aims to explore the effects of two types of white noise stimulation on oculomotor inhibitory control in children with ADHD. METHOD: Memory guided saccade (MGS) and prolonged fixation (PF) performance was compared between children with ADHD ( N  = 52) and typically developing controls (TDC, N  = 45), during auditory and visual white noise stimulation as well as in a no noise condition...

BACKGROUND: Youth mental health is a growing concern in research, practice, and policy. Practice standards, guidelines, or strategies provide an invisible infrastructure that fosters equity, quality, and safety, potentially addressing inconsistencies and more effectively attending to the mental wellness of Black youth as a particular population of concern. This scoping review aimed to address the following question: What standards exist for the delivery of mental health services to Black youth in community, primary care, and educational settings? Due to a limited initial search yield on publications about standards for the delivery of mental health services for Black youth population, our goal was then to identify and map mental health standards, recommendations, or guidelines for the delivery of mental health services using the same settings to all youth...

BACKGROUND: Opioid use disorder (OUD) poses a global health challenge, and despite medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) and psychosocial interventions, relapse remains a significant concern. Comorbid psychiatric disorders, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), are one of the major factors associated with poor OUD treatment outcome. We aimed to estimate the frequency of probable ADHD (in childhood and in adulthood) in patients with OUD; to assess the factors associated with this comorbidity; and to explore the factors that mediate the relationship between ADHD and OUD treatment outcome...

BACKGROUND: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a condition that is characterized by symptoms such as inattentiveness, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. The influence of mothers with ADHD and their attitude towards their wards' oral health has not been explored in the Indian scenario. AIM: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of ADHD in mother-child dyads in western Tamil Nadu and the mothers' dental neglect toward their children. METHODOLOGY: The prevalence of ADHD in mothers and children was assessed using the Adult ADHD Self-report Scale screener and ADHD Rating Scale, respectively...

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), characterized by attention deficit, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, has recently been associated with lipid metabolism. In particular, the roles of sphingomyelin, ceramide, andgalactosylceramidase in the pathophysiology of ADHD are being investigated. This study aims to explore the relationship between sphingolipid metabolism markers and soft neurological signs (SNS) in children diagnosed with ADHD who are not undergoing medication treatment. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted on 41 children and adolescents aged 7-12 years diagnosed with ADHD and 39 neurotypically developing controls...

BACKGROUND: Maternal vitamin-D and omega-3 fatty acid (DHA) deficiencies during pregnancy have previously been associated with offspring neurodevelopmental traits. However, observational study designs cannot distinguish causal effects from confounding. METHODS: First, we conducted Mendelian randomisation (MR) using genetic instruments for vitamin-D and DHA identified in independent genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Outcomes were (1) GWAS for traits related to autism and ADHD, generated in the Norwegian mother, father, and child cohort study (MoBa) from 3 to 8 years, (2) autism and ADHD diagnoses...

INTRODUCTION: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder whose exact pathophysiology has not been fully understood yet. Numerous studies have suggested disruptions in the cellular architecture and neuronal activity within brain structures of individuals with ADHD, accompanied by imbalances in the immune system, oxidative stress, and metabolism. METHODS: This study aims to assess two functionally and histologically distinct brain areas involved in motor control and coordination: the motor cortex (MC) and prefrontal cortex (PFC)...

BACKGROUND: Management of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) can be challenging due to their disruptive behaviour. Basic behaviour management techniques (BMTs) may not be sufficient, and adjunctive strategies such as virtual reality (VR) glasses or white noise can be employed. AIM: To assess and compare the effectiveness of VR, white noise and basic BMTs on dental anxiety and behaviour of children with ADHD. DESIGN: Forty-eight children with ADHD were recruited for this parallel, three-armed randomised controlled clinical trial, which involved three visits at one-week intervals, including examination, preventive measures and restorations...

OBJECTIVE: Attentional Control Theory (ACT) posits that anxiety impacts cognitive functioning through interference in working memory and processing efficiency, resulting in performance deficits in set-shifting and inhibition. Few studies have examined the effects of anxiety on set-shifting and inhibition in clinical samples or how these relationships might be affected by age. The current study tested whether increased age, elevated anxiety, and their interaction were associated with reduced performance on measures of set-shifting and inhibition...

The sex of the patient often affects the prevalence, progression, and severity of many psychiatric disorders. The incidence, progression, and severity of Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease, the most common neurodegenerative diseases, also differ between the sexes. Sex differences in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and anxiety are also observed in tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). Neuropsychiatric symptoms are one of the most important manifestations of TSC, and the multiple neuropsychiatric symptoms are collectively referred to as TSC-associated neuropsychiatric disorders (TAND)...

Working memory in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is closely related to cortical functional network connectivity (CFNC), such as abnormal connections between the frontal, temporal, occipital cortices and with other brain regions. Low-intensity transcranial ultrasound stimulation (TUS) has the advantages of non-invasiveness, high spatial resolution, and high penetration depth and can improve ADHD memory behavior. However, how it modulates CFNC in ADHD and the CFNC mechanism that improves working memory behavior in ADHD remain unclear...

BACKGROUND: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is often present in people with intellectual disability (ID) and autism. However, few ADHD measures have been developed specifically for individuals with these conditions. There is little literature exploring how well ADHD measures are performing at picking up specific symptoms at the item level. METHODS: Analyses were conducted on data from 122 children aged 7-15 years old with diagnoses of both ADHD and ID enrolled in the Hyperactivity and Special Educational Needs trial...

BACKGROUND: Recent literature suggests that ADHD is a risk factor for the development of antisocial behavior that is more severe and persistent than in community and other psychiatric populations. The combination of stimulant medication and psychotherapy (particularly cognitive behavioral therapy, CBT) is considered an evidence-based intervention for adults with ADHD. In contrast, few studies have evaluated the efficacy of medication in adult prisoners with ADHD, and the literature on the efficacy of psychotherapy is virtually nonexistent...

BACKGROUND: Despite the widespread use of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medications and their known sympathomimetic effects on the cardiovascular system, cardiovascular risk assessment of these medications using comprehensive global data is limited. This study investigated the association between individual ADHD medications and cardiovascular disease (CVD) using global pharmacovigilance data. METHODS: Reports from the World Health Organization international pharmacovigilance database were utilized (1967-2023; total reports, n=131,255,418)...

Development of attentional skills and inhibitory control rely on maturational changes in the brain across childhood and youth. However, both brain anatomy and different components of attention and inhibition show notable individual variation. Research on ADHD and inhibitory training and control have shown that variations in the thickness and surface area of particularly inferior cortical structures are associated with attentional control. However, the intricacies of how the development of inhibitory control is associated with the anatomical variations beyond the general age- and gender-dependent differences have not been resolved...

As a neurodevelopmental multifactorial disorder whose prevalence has been increasing worldwide, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is considered a public health concern. Methylphenidate (MPH) is the drug of choice for ADHD; however, not all patients respond fully to this treatment. Therefore, exploring the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in ADHD and potential novel therapeutic targets is crucial. Here, we generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) retrieved from four ADHD patients (two MPH responders and two non-responders) using Sendai virus...