Neuroprotective

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a severe disorder that causes enormous loss of quality of life, and among the factors underlying MDD is stress in maternal deprivation (MD). In addition, classic pharmacotherapy has presented severe adverse effects. Centella asiatica (C. asiatica) demonstrates a potential neuroprotective effect but has not yet been evaluated in MD models. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of C. asiatica extract and the active compound madecassic acid on possible depressive-like behavior, inflammation, and oxidative stress in the hippocampus and serum of young rats submitted to MD in the first days of life...

Chronic stress induces changes in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) showed promising results in several neurological animal models. The implementation of SeNPs in chronic restraint stress (CRS) remains to be elucidated. This study was done to determine the possible protective effects of selenium nanoparticles on behavioral changes and brain oxidative stress markers in a rat model of CRS. 50 rats were divided into three groups; control group (n = 10), untreated CRS group (n = 10) and CRS-SeNPs treated group (n = 30)...

Numerous natural antioxidants have been developed into agents for neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) treatment. Rosmarinic acid (RA), an excellent antioxidant, exhibits neuroprotective activity, but its anti-NDs efficacy remains puzzling. Here, Caenorhabditis elegans models were employed to systematically reveal RA-mediated mechanisms in delaying NDs from diverse facets, including oxidative stress, the homeostasis of neural and protein, and mitochondrial disorders. Firstly, RA significantly inhibited reactive oxygen species accumulation, reduced peroxide malonaldehyde production, and strengthened the antioxidant defense system via increasing superoxide dismutase activity...

INTRODUCTION: Microglia are the main phagocytes in the brain and can induce neuroinflammation. Moreover, they are critical to alpha-synuclein (α-syn) aggregation and propagation. Plasma exosomes derived from patients diagnosed with Parkinson's disease (PD-exo) reportedly evoked α-syn aggregation and inflammation in microglia. In turn, microglia internalized and released exosomal α-syn, enhancing α-syn propagation. However, the specific mechanism through which PD-exo influences α-syn degradation remains unknown...

INTRODUCTION: Maternal sleep deprivation (MSD), which induces inflammation and synaptic dysfunction in the hippocampus, has been associated with learning and memory impairment in offspring. Melatonin (Mel) has been shown to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective function. However, the beneficial effect of Mel on MSD-induced cognitive impairment and its mechanisms are unknown. METHODS: In the present study, adult offspring suffered from MSD were injected with Mel (20 mg/kg) once a day during postnatal days 61-88...

BACKGROUND: Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), a severe subtype of stroke, is characterized by notably high mortality and morbidity, largely due to the lack of effective therapeutic options. Although the neuroprotective potential of PPARg and Nrf2 has been recognized, investigative efforts into oroxin A (OA), remain limited in preclinical studies. METHODS: SAH was modeled in vivo through filament perforation in male C57BL/6 mice and in vitro by exposing HT22 cells to hemin to induce neuronal damage...

Parkinson's Disease (PD) patients experience sleeping disorders in addition to the disease-defining symptomology of movement dysfunctions. The prevalence of PD is sex-based and presence of sleeping disorders in PD also shows sex bias with a stronger phenotype in males. In addition to loss of dopamine-containing neurons in the striatum, arousal-related, orexin-containing neurons in the lateral hypothalamus (LH) are lost in PD, which could contribute to state-related disorders. As orexin has been shown to be involved in sleeping disorders and to have neuroprotective effects, we asked whether orexin could protect sleep-related LH neurons from damage putatively from the protein α-synuclein (α-syn), which is found at high levels in the PD brain and that we have shown is associated with putatively excitotoxic rises in intracellular calcium in brainstem sleep-controlling nuclei, especially in males...

OBJECTIVES: Edaravone dexborneol is neuroprotective against ischemic stroke, with free radical-scavenging and anti-inflammatory effects, but its effects in hemorrhagic stroke remain unclear. We evaluated whether edaravone dexborneol has a neuroprotective effect in intracerebral hemorrhage, and its underlying mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Bioinformatics were used to predict the pathway of action of edaravone dexborneol. An intracerebral hemorrhage model was established using type IV collagenase in edaravone dexborneol, intracerebral hemorrhage, Sham, adeno-associated virus + edaravone dexborneol, and adeno-associated virus + intracerebral hemorrhage groups...

Sevoflurane postconditioning has been shown to provide neuroprotection against cerebral hypoxia-ischemia injury, but the mechanisms remain elusive. Microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) is implicated in early neuronal hypoxia-ischemia injury. This study aimed to investigate whether the neuroprotective effects of sevoflurane postconditioning are related to the Akt/GSK-3β pathway and its downstream target MAP2 in zebrafish hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) model. Sevoflurane postconditioning or GSK-3β inhibitor TDZD-8 were used to treat H/R zebrafish...

OBJECTIVE: Acute cerebral infarction (ACI) contributes to disability and death accross the globe. Remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) reduces cerebral infarct size and improves neurological function in ACI. We conducted this research to reveal the effects of RIPC intervention on serum levels of microRNA-582-5p (miR-582-5p)/high mobility group box-1 protein (HMGB1), inflammation, oxidative stress and neurological function in patients with ACI. METHODS: In this study, 158 patients with ACI were prospectively selected and randomized into the control (administered symptomatic medication alone) and the RIPC (underwent RIPC of the limbs based on medication) groups, with their clinical baseline data documented...

BACKGROUND: Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury often leads to neuronal death through persistent neuroinflammatory responses. Recent research has unveiled a unique inflammatory programmed cell death mode known as PANoptosis. However, direct evidence for PANoptosis in ischemic stroke-induced neuronal death has not been established. Although it is widely thought that modulating the balance of microglial phenotypic polarization in cerebral I/R could mitigate neuroinflammation-mediated neuronal death, it remains unknown whether microglial polarization influences PANoptotic neuronal death triggered by cerebral I/R...

BACKGROUND: Neurodegeneration is a term describing an irreversible process of neuronal damage. In recent decades, research efforts have been directed towards deepening our knowledge of numerous neurodegenerative disorders, with a particular focus on conditions such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Human transferrin (htf) is a key player in maintaining iron homeostasis within brain cells. Any disturbance in this equilibrium gives rise to the emergence of neurodegenerative diseases and associated pathologies, particularly AD...

Carbon monoxide (CO) is produced via incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and it may cause long-term neurological sequel upon exposure. Hesperidin (HES), a flavanone glycoside found in citrus plants, exerts diverse beneficial health effects. The present study mechanistically examined the neuroprotective effects of HES in CO-poisoned rats. Thirty male Wistar rats (five groups of six animals) were exposed to 3000 ppm CO for 1 h. Immediately after the exposure and on the next 4 consecutive days (totally five doses), rats intraperitoneally received either normal saline (the control group) or different doses of HES (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg)...

The orexins, also referred to as hypocretins, are neuropeptides that originate from the lateral hypothalamus (LH) region of the brain. They are composed of two small peptides, orexin-A, and orexin-B, which are broadly distributed throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems. Orexins are recognized to regulate diverse functions, involving energy homeostasis, the sleep-wake cycle, stress responses, and reward-seeking behaviors. Additionally, it is suggested that orexin-A deficiency is linked to sleepiness and narcolepsy...

OBJECTIVES: The positive effects of tea on Alzheimer's disease (AD) have increasingly captured researchers' attention. Nevertheless, the quantitative comprehensive analysis in the relevant literatur is lack. This paper aims to thoroughly examine the current research status and hotspots from 2014 to 2023, providing a valuable reference for subsequent research. METHODS: Documents spanning from 2014 to 2023 were searched from the Web of Science, and the R software, VOSviewer, and Citespace software were used for analysis and visualization...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes lifelong physical and psychological dysfunction in affected individuals. The current study investigated the effects of chronic nicotine exposure via E-cigarettes (E-cig) (vaping) on TBI-associated behavioural and biochemical changes. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: Adult C57/BL6J male mice were subjected to controlled cortical impact (CCI) followed by daily exposure to E-cig vapour for 6 weeks. Sensorimotor functions, locomotion, and sociability were subsequently evaluated by nesting, open field, and social approach tests, respectively...

The progression of Parkinson's disease (PD) is heterogeneous across patients, affecting counseling and inflating the number of patients needed to test potential neuroprotective treatments. Moreover, disease subtypes might require different therapies. This work uses a data-driven approach to investigate how observed heterogeneity in PD can be explained by the existence of distinct PD progression subtypes. To derive stable PD progression subtypes in an unbiased manner, we analyzed multimodal longitudinal data from three large PD cohorts and performed extensive cross-cohort validation...

Over the last six decades, lithium has been considered the gold standard treatment for the long-term management of bipolar disorder due to its efficacy in preventing both manic and depressive episodes as well as suicidal behaviors. Nevertheless, despite numerous observed effects on various cellular pathways and biologic systems, the precise mechanism through which lithium stabilizes mood remains elusive. Furthermore, there is recent support for the therapeutic potential of lithium in other brain diseases. This review offers a comprehensive examination of contemporary understanding and predominant theories concerning the diverse mechanisms underlying lithium's effects...

Cembranoids and labdanes are two important types of diterpenes in tobacco (Nicotiana genus) that are predominantly found in the leaf and flower glandular trichome secretions. This is the first systematic review of the biosynthesis, chemical structures, bioactivities, and utilisation values of cembranoid and labdane diterpenes in tobacco. A total of 131 natural cembranoid diterpenes have been reported in tobacco since 1962; these were summarised and classified according to their chemical structure characteristics as isopropyl cembranoids (1-88), seco-cembranoids (89-103), chain cembranoids (104-123), and polycyclic cembranoids (124-131)...

BACKGROUND: Gut microbiota plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of depression and are a therapeutic target via maintaining the homeostasis of the host through the gut microbiota-brain axis (GMBA). A co-decoction of Lilii bulbus and Radix Rehmannia Recens (LBRD), in which verbascoside is the key active ingredient, improves brain and gastrointestinal function in patients with depression. However, in depression treatment using verbascoside or LBRD, mechanisms underlying the bidirectional communication between the intestine and brain via the GMBA are still unclear...