toll like receptor 11

Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) is a member of the TRAF family of adaptor proteins involved in the signal transduction pathways of both TNF receptor and interleukin-1 receptor/Toll-like receptor superfamilies. In this study, red-spotted grouper (Epinephelus akaara) TRAF6 (EaTraf6) was identified and characterized. The open reading frame of EaTraf6, 1713 bp in length, encodes a putative protein of 570 amino acids and has a predicted molecular weight and theoretical isoelectric point of 64...

BACKGROUND: Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) influences both toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling and leukocyte activation, which are speculated to play a role in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy (IgAN). METHODS: This is a single-centered retrospective study involving 426 IgAN patients diagnosed from May 2016 to August 2020. All patients were matched according to a propensity score matching (PSM) to produce three groups: renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors (RAASi) group (RAASi only), corticosteroids group (corticosteroids only or combined with RAASi), and HCQ group (HCQ only or combined with RAASi), consisting of 63 patients for each group...

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The outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria is primarily composed of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In addition to protection, LPS defines the distinct serogroups used to identify bacteria specifically. Furthermore, LPS also act as highly potent stimulators of innate immune cells, a phenomenon essential to understanding pathogen invasion in the body. The complex multi-step process of LPS binding to cells involves several binding partners, including LPS binding protein (LBP), CD14 in both membrane-bound and soluble forms, membrane protein MD-2, and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)...

Histones organize DNA within cellular nuclei, but they can be released from damaged cells. In peripheral tissues extracellular histones act as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) inducing pro-inflammatory activation of immune cells. Limited studies have considered DAMP-like activity of histones in the central nervous system (CNS); therefore, we studied the effects of extracellular histones on microglia, the CNS immunocytes, and on neuronal cells. Both the linker histone H1 and the core histone H3 induced pro-inflammatory activation of microglia-like cells by upregulating their secretion of NO and cytokines, including interferon-γ-inducible protein 10 (IP-10) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF)...

This chapter provides an overview of the innate immune response to SARS-CoV-2, focusing on the recognition, activation, and evasion strategies employed by the virus. The innate immune system plays a crucial role in the early defense against viral infections, and understanding its response to SARS-CoV-2 is essential for developing effective therapeutic approaches. The chapter begins by explaining the basics of the innate immune system, including its components and salient features. It discusses the various pattern recognition receptors involved in recognizing SARS-CoV-2, such as toll-like receptors, RIG-I-like receptors, NOD-like receptors, and other cytosolic sensors...

Toxoplasma gondii is a pathogenic protozoan parasite of the Apicomplexa family that affects approximately 30% of the world's population. Symptoms are usually mild in immunocompetent hosts, but it can pose significant health risks to immunosuppressed patients and pregnant women. Current treatment options are limited, and new therapies and vaccines are needed. The innate immune system is the first to recognize T. gondii infection and activates pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines to promote acquired immunity...

Although immune-based therapies have revolutionized the management of cancer, novel approaches are urgently needed to improve their outcome. We investigated the role of endogenous steroids in the resistance to cancer immunotherapy, as these have strong immunomodulatory functions. Using a publicly available database, we found that the intratumoral expression of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 ( HSD11B1 ), which regenerates inactive glucocorticoids into active glucocorticoids, was associated with poor clinical outcome and correlated with immunosuppressive gene signatures in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC)...

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is the most common form of the disease which can cause malignant lesions on the skin. Vaccination for the prevention and treatment of leishmaniasis can be the most effective way to combat this disease. In this study, we designed a novel multi-epitope vaccine against Leishmania major (L. major) using immunoinformatics tools to assess its efficacy in silico. Sequences of Leish-F1 protein (TSA, Leif, and LMSTI1) of L. major were taken from GenBank. The helper T (Th) and cytotoxic T (Tc) epitopes of the protein were predicted...

Objective: Gout is a dangerous metabolic condition related to monosodium urate (MSU). Our aim is to study the molecular mechanisms underlying gout and to identify potential clinical biomarkers by bioinformatics analysis and experimental validation. Methods: In this study, we retrieved the overlapping genes between GSE199950-Differential Expressed Genes (DEGs) dataset and key module in Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) on GSE199950. These genes were then analyzed by protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, expression and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis to identify the hub gene related to gout...

This study mainly explored the role of nicorandil in regulating ferroptosis and alleviating septic cardiomyopathy through toll-like receptor (TLR) 4/solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11) signaling pathway. Twenty-four male SD rats were randomly divided into control, Nic (nicorandil), LPS (lipopolysaccharide), and LPS + Nic groups and given echocardiography. A detection kit was applied to measure the levels of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), cardiac troponin I (cTnI), and creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB); HE staining and the levels of glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), total iron, and Fe2+ of myocardial tissues were detected...

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are crucial to the innate immune response. They regulate inflammatory reactions by initiating the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. TLRs also play a role in shaping the adaptive immune responses. While this protective response is important for eliminating infectious pathogens, persistent activation of TLRs may result in chronic immune activation, leading to detrimental effects. The role of TLR2 in regulating HIV-1 infection in vivo has yet to be well described...

BACKGROUND: Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a devastating disease in premature infants, and 50% of infants with surgical NEC develop neurodevelopmental defects. The mechanisms by which NEC-induced cytokine release and activation of inflammatory cells in the brain mediate neuronal injury, and whether enteral immunotherapy attenuates NEC-associated brain injury remain understudied. Based on our prior work, which demonstrated that experimental NEC-like intestinal injury is attenuated by the short-chain fatty acid, butyrate, in this study, we hypothesize that NEC-induced brain injury would be suppressed by enteral butyrate supplementation...

Introduction The most prevalent chronic human autoimmune disorder worldwide is rheumatoid arthritis. Synovial samples from acute-phase patients are polymerase chain reaction-positive for Chlamydia pneumoniae ( C. pneumoniae )   DNA and express chlamydial hsp60 . Furthermore, anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibodies promote apoptosis of mature human Saos-2 osteoblasts via cell surface binding to citrullinated heat shock protein 60 (HSP60). Hence, we hypothesised that C. pneumoniae infection is associated with anti-CCP antibodies...

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) exert anti-inflammatory effects relevant to the chronic complications of type 2 diabetes. Although GLP-1RAs attenuate T cell-mediated gut and systemic inflammation directly through the gut intraepithelial lymphocyte GLP-1R, how GLP-1RAs inhibit systemic inflammation in the absence of widespread immune expression of the GLP-1R remains uncertain. Here, we show that GLP-1R activation attenuates the induction of plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) by multiple Toll-like receptor agonists...

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB (Toll-like receptor 4/myeloid differentiation factor/nuclear factor kappa B) signalling pathway on the protective effect of ulinastatin on the intestinal mucosal barrier in mice with sepsis. METHODS: A mouse model of sepsis was established by classical caecal ligation and perforation. Forty-four SPF C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into the following four groups with 11 mice in each group: the control group (Con group), ulinastatin group (Uti group), Uti + LPS (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) group (Uti + LPS group) and LPS group...

BACKGROUND: As a type of traditional Chinese medicine, Yanghepingchuan granules (YHPCG) are used to treat inflammatory diseases of the lungs, including asthma. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of the ability of YHPCG to reduce airway inflammation remains unknown. METHODS: By sensitizing rats to aluminum hydroxide and ovalbumin, an asthma model was established. During the 14-day treatment period, the rats received YHPCG, TAK242 (TLR4 inhibitor), and a combination of the two treatments...

Background: An increasing number of studies have suggested the relationship between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in toll-like receptor (TLR) genes and gastric cancer (GC) susceptibility; however, the available evidence is contradictory. This meta-analysis aimed to comprehensively evaluate whether the SNPs within the TLR family are related to GC development. Methods: PubMed, Scopus, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) were systematically searched up to May 2023 to obtain the pertinent publications...

BACKGROUND: Although Liu-Wei-Bu-Qi capsule (LBC) inhibits tumor progression by improving the physical condition and immunity of patients with lung cancer (LC), its exact mechanism of action is unknown. AIM: To through compound multi-dimensional network of chemical ingredient-target-disease-target- protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, the principle of action of Chinese medicine prescription was explained from molecular level. METHODS: Network pharmacology and molecular docking simulations were used to analyze the relationship among the main components, targets, and signaling pathways of LBC in treatment of LC...

Introduction: Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) are envisioned as a potential cellular vehicle for targeted cancer therapies due to their tumor tropism and immune permissiveness. An obstacle in their use is the duality in their interactions within tumors, rendering them pro-tumorigenic or anti-tumorigenic, in a context dependent manner. MSC preconditioning, or priming, has been proposed as a strategy for directing the effector properties of MSC at tumor sites. Methods: We primed human MSC derived from adipose tissues (ASC), a clinically advantageous MSC source, utilizing toll-like receptor agonists...