Hyperinsulinemia

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) has surpassed the hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus as the leading cause of chronic liver disease in most parts of the Western world. MASLD (formerly known as NAFLD) encompasses both simple steatosis and more aggressive metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), which is accompanied by inflammation, fibrosis, and cirrhosis, and ultimately can lead to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). There are currently very few approved therapies for MASH...

Heart failure (HF) has become a subject of continuous interest since it was declared a new pandemic in 1997 because of the exponential increase in hospitalizations for HF in the latest years. HF is the final state to which all heart diseases of different etiologies lead if not adequately treated. It is highly prevalent worldwide, with a progressive increase with age, reaching a prevalence of 10% in subjects over the age of 65 years. During the last two decades, it was possible to see that the prevalence of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) was increasing while that of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) was decreasing...

Prediabetes and colorectal cancer (CRC) represent compelling health burdens responsible for high mortality and morbidity rates, sharing several modifiable risk factors. It has been hypothesized that metabolic abnormalities linking prediabetes and CRC are hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and adipokines imbalance. The chronic stimulation related to these metabolic signatures can favor CRC onset and development, as well as negatively influence CRC prognosis. To date, the growing burden of prediabetes and CRC has generated a global interest in defining their epidemiological and molecular relationships...

BACKGROUND: Dysregulation of insulin and glucagon secretion alters the normal insulin:glucagon ratio (IGR) in type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. This study explores the scope of construing the role of these two diametrically opposing hormones on the glucose level not just in obesity but in different glucose tolerance states by looking at the hormone levels and at the insulin glucagon bipolar axis itself. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is an analytical cross-sectional study of 60 healthy adults consisting of an equal number of adults who are lean and adults who are obese...

OBJECTIVES: Obesity is a metabolic syndrome that leads to many chronic diseases worldwide. In this study, we investigate the antihyperlipidemic activities of chitosan nanoparticles (CH NPs) on silymarin (SIL) as a carrier in the drug delivery system that can improve some biochemical parameters and hormones in the model of hyperlipidemic rats receiving a high-fat diet (HFD). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Physicochemical characterization of silymarin-loaded chitosannanoparticles (CH-SIL NPs) was done by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and drug loading efficiency (LE)...

BACKGROUND: The mechanistic associations between obesity and risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) remain unclear. Here, using body mass index (BMI) as an obesity indicator, we decomposed the total effects of obesity on the risk of CRC into: (1) direct effects, which are possibly mediated by unmeasured or currently unknown factors; (2) indirect effects mediated by circulating leptin and adiponectin; and (3) indirect effects that are not mediated by circulating leptin and adiponectin but by hyperinsulinemia and chronic inflammation (assessed via circulating connecting peptide and C-reactive protein, respectively)...

Diabetes constitutes a major public health problem, with dramatic consequences for patients. Both genetic and environmental factors were shown to contribute to the different forms of the disease. The monogenic forms, found both in humans and in animal models, specially help to decipher the role of key genes in the physiopathology of the disease. Here, we describe the phenotype of early diabetes in a colony of NOD mice, with spontaneous invalidation of Akt2, that we called HYP. The HYP mice were characterised by a strong and chronic hyperglycaemia, beginning around the age of one month, especially in male mice...

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) increases fracture incidence and fracture-related mortality rates (KK.Cg-Ay/J. The Jackson Laboratory; Available from: https://www.jax.org/strain/002468 ). While numerous mouse models for T2D exist, few effectively stimulate persistent hyperglycemia in both sexes, and even fewer are suitable for bone studies. Commonly used models like db/db and ob/ob have altered leptin pathways, confounding bone-related findings since leptin regulates bone properties (Fajardo et al. in Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 29(5): 1025-1040, 2014)...

AIMS: Hypertriglyceridemia is a risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes (T2D) and might contribute to its pathogenesis either directly or through elevation of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs). This study aimed at comparing the glucometabolic effects of acute hypertriglyceridemia alone or combined with NEFA elevation in non-diabetic subjects. METHODS: Twenty-two healthy lean volunteers underwent two 5-h intravenous infusions of either saline or Intralipid, without (n=12) or with heparin (I+H; n=10) to activate the release of NEFAs...

It has been well-established that there is a connection between polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) pathology and gut microbiome dysbiosis. A marine-derived oligosaccharide, GV-971, has been reported to alter gut microbiota and alleviate Aβ amyloidosis. In this study, the effects of GV-971 on PCOS-like mice were explored. Mice were randomly assigned into four groups: control, letrozole, letrozole + GV-971, control + GV-971. Glucose metabolism in PCOS-like mice was ameliorated by GV-971, while the reproductive endocrine disorder of PCOS-like mice was partially reversed...

Autoimmune liver diseases are associated with an increased risk of diabetes, yet the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. In this cross-sectional study, we investigated the glucose-regulatory disturbances in patients with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH, n=19), primary biliary cholangitis (PBC, n=15), and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC, n=6). Healthy individuals (n=24) and patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD, n=18) were included as controls. Blood samples were collected during a 120 min oral glucose tolerance test...

Adverse effects of obesity on reproduction are believed in part due to diet related factors leading to hyperlipidemia and hyperinsulinemia. It is unknown whether administration of a low fat eating plan, regardless of weight loss, will improve reproductive axis function in women with obesity. To develop an acceptable and feasible low fat eating plan for a diverse group of reproductive aged women with obesity. Focus groups to determine preferences and barriers to a planned dietary intervention providing very low fat (22% daily calories from fat) eucaloric food to control fat exposure, but not cause weight loss...

Hypoglycaemic syndromes are rare in apparently healthy individuals and their diagnosis can be a difficult challenge for clinicians as there are no shared guidelines that suggest how to approach patients with a suspect hypoglycaemic disorder. Since hypoglycaemia symptoms are common and nonspecific, it's necessary to document the Whipple Triad (signs and/or symptoms compatible with hypoglycaemia; relief of symptoms following glucose administration; low plasma glucose levels) before starting any procedure. Once the triad is documented, a meticulous anamnesis and laboratory tests (blood glucose, insulin, proinsulin, C-peptide, β-hydroxybutyrate and anti-insulin antibodies) should be performed...

CONTEXT: The putative association between proinflammatory and hyperinsulinemic dietary patterns and susceptibility to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to compare the risk associated with the Mediterranean diet, as well as insulinemic and proinflammatory dietary patterns, in relation to the occurrence of GDM, and evaluate their predictive value. METHODS: We prospectively followed 8, 495 women from the Maternal and Infant Health cohort in Hefei, China (2015-2021)...

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to characterize changes induced by a high-fat diet in body composition, insulin levels and sensitivity, blood lipids, and other key biomarkers also associated with the metabolic dysfunction that occurs with natural aging. ANIMALS: 24 male Beagle dogs, 3 to 7 years of age, of mixed castration status. METHODS: Dogs were randomly assigned to continue twice daily feeding of the commercial adult maintenance diet (n = 12, including 2 intact) that they were previously fed or to a high-fat diet (12, including 2 intact) for 17 weeks between December 1, 2021, and April 28, 2022...

Often associated with obesity, male infertility represents a widespread condition that challenges the wellbeing of the couple. In this article, we provide a comprehensive and critical analysis of studies exploring the association between obesity and male reproductive function, to evaluate the frequency of this association, and establish the effects of increased body weight on conventional and biofunctional sperm parameters and infertility. In an attempt to find possible molecular markers of infertility in obese male patients, the numerous mechanisms responsible for infertility in overweight/obese patients are reviewed in depth...

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a pregnancy-related complication characterized by abnormal glucose metabolism in pregnant women and has an important impact on fetal development. As a bridge between the mother and the fetus, the placenta has nutrient transport functions, endocrine functions, etc. , and can regulate placental nutrient transport and fetal growth and development according to maternal metabolic status. Only by means of placental transmission can changes in maternal hyperglycemia affect the fetus...

Hyperandrogenic disorders, such as polycystic ovary syndrome, are often associated with metabolic disruptions such as insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. Studies in sheep, a precocial model of translational relevance, provide evidence that in utero exposure to excess testosterone during days 30-90 of gestation (the sexually dimorphic window where males naturally experience elevated androgens) programs insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia in female offspring. Extending earlier findings that adverse effects of testosterone excess are evident in fetal day 90 pancreas, the end of testosterone treatment, the present study provides evidence that transcriptomic and phenotypic effects of in utero testosterone excess on female pancreas persist after cessation of treatment, suggesting lasting organizational changes, and induce a male-like phenotype in female pancreas...

OBJECTIVE: The potential role of dietary branched-chain amino acids on circulating branched-chain amino acid levels and their relationship with metabolic health are complex, and the literature is inconsistent. We aimed to explore the dynamic effects of branched-chain amino acid supplementation on glucose and lipid homeostasis at different stages of insulin resistance in high-fat diet-fed mice. METHODS: Male C57BL/6J mice were fed with a normal chow diet, high-fat diet, or high-fat diet supplemented with 100% branched-chain amino acids for 12 or 24 wk...

BACKGROUND: Many studies have associated male androgenetic alopecia with the risk of cardiovascular disorders but very few studies have addressed this association in women with FPHL. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a cross-sectional hospital-based study in which a total of 50 women (18-45 years) were recruited. The objective was to measure carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) by doppler ultrasound, Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, lipid profile, fasting blood sugar (FBS), insulin, testosterone, Sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), hs-CRP, ESR and fibrinogen, in pre-menopausal women having FPHL and to correlate these parameters with severity of FPHL...