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BACKGROUND: Benign prostatic hyperplasia is common in older men, with many developing lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) that impair quality of life. Smoking has many well-established adverse effects, but its effects on benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) and associated LUTS are unclear. We sought to determine if smoking is a risk factor for the incidence of LUTS in asymptomatic men and for the progression of LUTS in symptomatic men. METHODS: We performed a post-hoc analysis of Reduction by Dutasteride of Prostate Cancer Events in 3060 "asymptomatic" men with baseline International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) < 8 and in 2198 symptomatic men with baseline IPSS ≥ 8 not taking 5α-reductase inhibitors or α-blockers...

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

This report addresses the technical aspects of de-identification of medical images of human subjects and biospecimens, such that re-identification risk of ethical, moral, and legal concern is sufficiently reduced to allow unrestricted public sharing for any purpose, regardless of the jurisdiction of the source and distribution sites. All medical images, regardless of the mode of acquisition, are considered, though the primary emphasis is on those with accompanying data elements, especially those encoded in formats in which the data elements are embedded, particularly Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM)...

Testosterone deficiency is diagnosed by a serum total testosterone level below 300 ng/dL in combination with symptoms such as decreased energy and libido. These symptoms can be ameliorated by restoring serum testosterone to the physiologic range with testosterone therapy (TT). There are numerous forms of testosterone therapy, such as injectable, transdermal, nasal, and subcutaneous applications. There are also multiple formulations of injection, such as testosterone cypionate, testosterone enanthate, and testosterone undecanoate...

OBJECTIVE: The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted students' opportunities for away rotations (ARs). Schools and specialty organizations innovated by supplementing in-person ARs (ipARs) with virtual ARs (vARs). We sought to determine how ipAR and vAR completion varied by intended specialty among 2021 graduates. DESIGN: Using de-identified Association of American Medical Colleges 2021 Graduation Questionnaire (GQ) data, we examined AR completion by specialty and community-based school attendance (among other variables) in univariate analysis and multivariable logistic regression models...

In 2014, the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) published 13 Core Entrustable Professional Activities (EPAs) that graduating students should be able to perform with indirect supervision when entering residency. A ten-school multi-year pilot was commissioned to test feasibility of implementing training and assessment of the AAMC's 13 Core EPAs. In 2020-21, a case study was employed to describe pilot schools' implementation experiences. Teams from nine of ten schools were interviewed to identify means and contexts of implementing EPAs and lessons learned...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Little is known about physicians' approaches to continuing medical education (CME) for continuing professional development despite the rapid evolution of CME offerings. We sought to identify the extent to which demographic, career, and experiential CME-activity variables were independently associated with physicians' satisfaction with their ability to stay current on medical information and practice. METHODS: Using the 2019 Association of American Medical Colleges' National Sample Survey of Physicians data, we ran multivariable logistic regression models examining demographic, career, and experiential (participation in 11 CME activities in the past year) variables for their associations with physicians' satisfaction (satisfied vs...

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No abstract text is available yet for this article.

Non-contrast head CT (NCCT) is extremely insensitive for early (< 3-6 h) acute infarct identification. We developed a deep learning model that detects and delineates suspected early acute infarcts on NCCT, using diffusion MRI as ground truth (3566 NCCT/MRI training patient pairs). The model substantially outperformed 3 expert neuroradiologists on a test set of 150 CT scans of patients who were potential candidates for thrombectomy (60 stroke-negative, 90 stroke-positive middle cerebral artery territory only infarcts), with sensitivity 96% (specificity 72%) for the model versus 61-66% (specificity 90-92%) for the experts; model infarct volume estimates also strongly correlated with those of diffusion MRI (r2  > 0...

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

To commemorate the SPIE Medical Imaging 50th anniversary, this article provides a brief review of the Picture Archiving and Communication Systems (PACS) and Informatics conferences. Important topics and advances, contributing researchers from both academia and industry, and key papers are noted.

We describe the curation, annotation methodology, and characteristics of the dataset used in an artificial intelligence challenge for detection and localization of COVID-19 on chest radiographs. The chest radiographs were annotated by an international group of radiologists into four mutually exclusive categories, including "typical," "indeterminate," and "atypical appearance" for COVID-19, or "negative for pneumonia," adapted from previously published guidelines, and bounding boxes were placed on airspace opacities...

Importance: Gaps in readiness for indirect supervision have been identified for essential responsibilities encountered early in residency, presenting risks to patient safety. Core Entrustable Professional Activities (EPAs) for entering residency have been proposed as a framework to address these gaps and strengthen the transition from medical school to residency. Objective: To assess progress in developing an entrustment process in the Core EPAs framework. Design, Setting, and Participants: In this quality improvement study in the Core EPAs for Entering Residency Pilot, trained faculty made theoretical entrustment determinations and recorded the number of workplace-based assessments (WBAs) available for each determination in 2019 and 2020...

Background Adrenal masses are common, but radiology reporting and recommendations for management can be variable. Purpose To create a machine learning algorithm to segment adrenal glands on contrast-enhanced CT images and classify glands as normal or mass-containing and to assess algorithm performance. Materials and Methods This retrospective study included two groups of contrast-enhanced abdominal CT examinations (development data set and secondary test set). Adrenal glands in the development data set were manually segmented by radiologists...

BACKGROUND: The Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) described 13 Core Entrustable Professional Activities (EPAs) that graduating students should be prepared to perform under indirect supervision on day one of residency. Surgery program directors recently recommended entrustability in these Core EPAs for incoming surgery interns. We sought to determine if graduating students intending to enter surgery agreed they had the skills to perform these Core EPAs. STUDY DESIGN: Using de-identified, individual level data collected from and about 2019 AAMC Graduation Questionnaire (GQ) respondents, latent profile analysis (LPA) was used to group respondents based on their self-assessed Core EPAs skills' response patterns...

BACKGROUND. CT-based body composition (BC) measurements have historically been too resource intensive to analyze for widespread use and have lacked robust comparison with traditional weight metrics for predicting cardiovascular risk. OBJECTIVE. The aim of this study was to determine whether BC measurements obtained from routine CT scans by use of a fully automated deep learning algorithm could predict subsequent cardiovascular events independently from weight, BMI, and additional cardiovascular risk factors...

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed is to: (1) extend the Integrating the Biology and the Bedside (i2b2) data and application models to include medical imaging appropriate use criteria, enabling it to serve as a platform to monitor local impact of the Protecting Access to Medicare Act's (PAMA) imaging clinical decision support (CDS) requirements, and (2) validate the i2b2 extension using data from the Medicare Imaging Demonstration (MID) CDS implementation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study provided a reference implementation and assessed its validity and reliability using data from the MID, the federal government's predecessor to PAMA's imaging CDS program...