Focal choroidal excavation

This study aims to investigate the relationship between pachychoroid spectrum disorders and retinitis pigmentosa (RP) or rod-cone dystrophy through a comprehensive literature review. The purpose is to explore the association between these disorders, understand their underlying mechanisms, and summarize the existing hypotheses and opinions. A thorough review of the literature was conducted using PubMed, focusing on articles related to central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC), RP, pachychoroid pigment epitheliopathy, pachychoroid neovasculopathy, polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy, focal choroidal excavation, peripapillary pachychoroid neovasculopathy, and peripheral exudative hemorrhagic chorioretinopathy...

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BACKGROUND: Here, we report a case of a male patient with bilateral focal choroidal excavation (FCE) and central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC). A 33-year-old man complained of mild blurring of vision in the right eye. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) revealed FCE in both eyes, with subretinal fluid in both eyes and serous pigment epithelial detachment in the right eye. Standard laser fluence (50 J/cm2 ) was used in the right eye, and a subthreshold micropulse laser (SML) was simultaneously used in the left eye...

PURPOSE: This study aims to present long-term observation of 5 eyes with focal choroidal excavation (FCE), focusing on morphological changes in conformity of the lesion. METHODS: A retrospective case series was conducted, including 5 eyes of 5 patients with FCE. The study utilized multimodal imaging including color fundus photography, optical coherence tomography (OCT), enhanced depth imaging OCT (EDI-OCT), fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA), fundus autofluorescence (FAF), red free imaging, and OCT angiography...

INTRODUCTION: Alagille syndrome (AGS) is a genetic disease with multisystemic affection, including ocular manifestations. Recently, a high frequency of posterior segment findings, including macular changes, has been reported. This publication aims to report an unusual finding of macular atrophy and a focal choroidal excavation in a patient with JAG1 related AGS. METHODS: Case report. RESULTS: This publication describes an atypical presentation of focal choroidal excavation (FCE) and unilateral macular atrophy in a 7-year-old male with Alagille syndrome (AGS)...

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PURPOSE: To describe a potential biomarker termed as inner choroidal fibrosis in cases of chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) presenting to a tertiary referral center. DESIGN: Observational case series. METHODS: Five eyes of 4 patients with CSCR were noted to have a gray-white subretinal lesion in the macula, which was analyzed with multimodal imaging. RESULTS: The lesions were hypofluorescent on autofluorescence, fundus fluorescein angiography, and indocyanine angiography...

BACKGROUND: Multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS)-like features is a rare condition triggered by a macular disease or iatrogenic injury, exhibiting MEWDS changes in the fundus. This study aims to describe the multimodal imaging features and outcomes of multifocal choroiditis/punctate inner choroidopathy (MFC/PIC) lesions with MEWDS-like features. METHODS: Six cases were studied retrospectively. All cases were given regional and oral corticosteroids. RESULTS: All cases showed an isolated juxtafoveal yellowish-white MFC/PIC lesion with disruption of RPE-Bruch's membrane-choriocapillaris complex (RPE-BM-CC), subretinal hyperreflective materials and choroidal thickening on optical coherence tomography...

To analyze the long-term visual outcomes of pachychoroid spectrum diseases (PSD). Retrospective study. We reviewed the medical charts of consecutive patients with PSD, including focal choroidal excavation (FCE), pachychoroid pigment epitheliopathy (PPE), central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC), and pachychoroid neovasculopathy (PNV). The patients initially visited the Tokyo University Hospital from January 2008 to March 2021. Survival analyses were performed, in which loss of vision was defined as visual acuity (VA) of 0...

INTRODUCTION: The term "pachychoroid" (greek pachy- [παχύ] - thick) was first used by Warrow et al. in 2013. It is defined as an abnormal and permanent increase in choroidal thickness ≥ 300 μm, which is caused by dilatation of the choroidal vessels of the Haller's layer, thinning of the Sattler's layer and the choriocapillaris layer. METHODOLOGY: Literary research focused on the current view of pachychoroid spectrum diseases, including clarification of the pathophysiological theories of the formation of "pachychoroid"...

Purpose: To report a case of acquired conforming-type focal choroidal excavation (FCE) secondary to a pachychoroid choroidal neovascular membrane (CNVM) triggered by central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR). Methods: A case and its findings were analyzed. Results: A 54-year-old Asian man who had spontaneous resolution of CSCR in the right eye presented with a pachychoroid CNVM and FCE 1 year after the initial CSCR diagnosis. Intravitreal antivascular endothelial growth factor injections were initiated, and the subretinal fluid and intraretinal hemorrhage resolved...

Purpose: To report multimodal imaging features of an unusual case of multiple focal choroidal excavations (FCE) associated to macular intrachoroidal cavitations (ICC) and choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in a non-myopic patient with normal choroidal thickness. Methods: Observational case report. Results: A 69-year-old non-myopic male patient with history of macular CNV of unknown etiology in the right eye (RE), initially treated with Bevacizumab intravitreal injections with significant improvement of visual acuity...

PURPOSE: To perform an unsupervised machine learning clustering of patients with punctate inner choroidopathy (PIC) and provide new insights into the significance of pachychoroid disease features in PIC eyes. METHODS: Retrospective multicenter study, including 102 eyes from 82 patients diagnosed with PIC. Demographics, clinical data, and multimodal imaging, including fundus photography, optical coherence tomography, and indocyanine green angiography, were collected...

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the evolution of focal choroidal excavation in a 17-year-old girl on treatment for a choroidal neovascular membrane over a 6-year follow-up. METHODS: Review of medical and imaging records of a 17-year-old girl who presented with a choroidal neovascular membrane in her left eye treated with multiple intravitreal antivascular endothelial growth factor injections over a period of 6 years. RESULTS: The patient developed recurrent episodes of subretinal hemorrhage that were treated with antivascular endothelial growth factor injections...

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to describe a case of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy, showing a newly developed focal choroidal excavation during a 4-year follow-up period with multiple intravitreal antivascular endothelial growth factor injections. METHODS: This study was a case report. RESULTS: A 64-year-old man was referred for treatment of age-related macular degeneration in his left eye. His corrected visual acuity at initial presentation was 20/20 in both the right and left eye...

PURPOSE: To describe a case series of a special subtype of punctate inner choroidopathy with solitary lesions in the macular area and named solitary punctate chorioretinitis. METHODS: This retrospective observational study clinically evaluated 12 eyes from 12 patients diagnosed as punctate inner choroidopathy with solitary lesions. Demographic data and multimodal imaging features were analyzed for the included patients. RESULTS: All the included patients were Chinese and of Han ethnicity...

We report an unusual finding of a split between the Bruch's membrane (BM) and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) due to a focal choroidal excavation (FCE) in a healthy young girl with sudden onset visual disturbance. She was followed up regularly for over a year with serial optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans which revealed a parafoveal conforming type of FCE. Initial retinal edema subsided in a month. No associated pathology, such as a choroidal neovascular membrane, was seen. A split was seen between the RPE and the BM on one side of the FCE, which remained unchanged...

INTRODUCTION: The term "pachychoroid" (greek pachy- [παχύ] - thick) was first used by Warrow et al. in 2013. It is defined as an abnormal and permanent increase in choroidal thickness ≥ 300 μm, which is caused by dilatation of the choroidal vessels of the Haller's layer, thinning of the Sattler's layer and the choriocapillaris layer. METHODOLOGY: Literary research focused on the current view of pachychoroid spectrum diseases, including clarification of the pathophysiological theories of the formation of "pachychoroid"...

BACKGROUND: Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT) provides non-invasive, high-speed, high-resolution, three-dimensional cross-section imaging of the macula. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the diagnostic value of the multimodal imaging technique of three-dimension (3D) optical coherence tomography (OCT) (3D-OCT) for the diagnosis and characterization of acute central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC). METHODS: In this prospective clinical study 3D-OCT examinations of 82 cases with acute CSC were performed on the macular area, and the image characteristics were analyzed...

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