Interlukins

The discovery of the mechanism underlying allergic disease, mouse models of asthma, and bronchoscopy studies provided initial insights into the role of Th2-type cytokines, including interlukin (IL)-4, IL-5 and IL-13, which became the target of monoclonal antibody therapy. Omalizumab, Benralizumab, Mepolizumab, Reslizumab, and Tezepelumab have been approved. These biologicals have been shown to be good alternative therapies to corticosteroids, particularly in severe asthma management, where they can improve the quality of life of many patients...

Recently, we reported that the early progression of proteinuria in the obese Dahl salt-sensitive leptin receptor mutant (SSLepR mutant) strain was associated with increased renal macrophage infiltration prior to puberty. Macrophages can be divided into two distinct phenotypes: M1 (pro-inflammatory) and M2 (anti-inflammatory). Moreover, previous studies have demonstrated that interlukin-25 (IL-25) converts resting macrophages and M1 into M2. Therefore, the current study examined whether treatment with IL-25 would reduce the early progression of renal injury in SSLepR mutant rats by increasing renal M2...

BACKGROUND: accompanied to the spreading of coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) in the world, identifying factors related to the severity of the disease is one of the interests of physician and medical researchers. We hypothesized that interleukin 6 serum level is associated with severe outcome. METHODS: In this longitudinal prospective cohort study we enrolled 208 confirmed COVID-19 patients who were admitted to the Tohid Hospital (Sanandaj, Iran). Patients were classified into two groups based on IL-6 value in the first day of admission, elevated (n = 107) or not elevated/normal (n = 101), and followed until the occurrence of final outcome (death or discharge from the hospital)...

Diabetic retinopathy (DRET) triggers vision loss in adults, however, little therapeutic options are existing. Memantine is an anti-Alzheimer drug that antagonizes the activity of glutamate at N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Glutamate and thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) are known to be overexpressed in diabetic retinas and can produce activation of NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) with subsequent secretion of interlukin-1β. This study repurposed memantine for its neuroprotective effect in experimental DRET and tested its impact on ROS/TXNIP/NLRP3...

Fatty liver disease is most frequently related to metabolic dysfunction (MAFLD) and associated comorbidities, heightening the risk of cardiovascular disease, and is associated with higher hepatic production of IL32, a cytokine linked with lipotoxicity and endothelial activation. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between circulating IL32 concentration and blood pressure control in individuals with metabolic dysfunction at high risk of MAFLD. IL32 plasma levels were measured by ELISA in 948 individuals with metabolic dysfunction enrolled in the Liver-Bible-2021 cohort...

TIR (Toll/interlukin-1 receptor) domains are found in archaea, bacteria and eukaryotes, featured in proteins generally associated with immune functions. In plants, they are found in a large group of NLRs (nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors), NLR-like proteins and TIR-only proteins. They are also present in effector proteins from phytopathogenic bacteria that are associated with suppression of host immunity. TIR domains from plants and bacteria are enzymes that cleave NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, oxidized form) and other nucleotides...

This study was aimed to evaluate the effects of vegetable oils as calcium salt on immune responses and the expression of immune-related genes in vaccinated lambs. Twenty-four lambs (35 kg body weight, 6 months old) were assigned to four treatments with six replicates in a completely randomized design for 40 days. Four concentrates were formulated in which the calcium salts of palm oil, canola oil, corn oil, and flaxseed oil were used. On day 30 of the experiment, lambs were vaccinated by a dose of foot-and-mouth disease virus...

Interferons are a group of glycoproteins that are expressed in various cell types in their inflammatory responses to infections. In this study, we explored the protective effects of porcine interferon-λ3 (PIFN-λ3) on intestinal inflammation and injury in mice induced by porcine rotavirus (PRV). BALB/c mice were administrated by PIFN-λ3 or phosphate buffer solution (PBS) for three days prior to PRV infection. We show that PRV infection caused acute inflammatory responses in mice, as indicated by increases in serum concentrations of inflammatory cytokines such as the interlukin-1β (IL-1β), interlukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (P < 0...

Introduction : different lines of evidence have shown that ginger administration may be beneficial for patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effect of ginger supplementation on disability, physical and psychological quality of life (QoL), body mass index (BMI), neurofilament light chain (NfL), interlukin-17 (IL-17), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in patients with relapsing-remitting MS. Methods : this was a 12 week double-blind parallel randomized placebo-controlled trial with a 3 week run-in period...

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of moxibustion on the indicators of autophagy and apoptosis in the synovium of toes of rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis (AA), so as to explore the underlying mechanism of moxibustion in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. METHODS: Forty-five SD rats were randomly divided into the blank control group, model group, moxibustion group, methotrexate group and rapamycin group, with 9 rats in each group. The rat model of AA was established by injecting Freund's complete adjuvant...

Individuals at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis have been found to have altered cytokine levels, but whether these changes are related to clinical outcomes remains unclear. We addressed this issue by measuring serum levels of 20 immune markers in 325 participants (n=269 CHR, n=56 healthy controls) using multiplex immunoassays, and then followed up the CHR sample to determine their clinical outcomes. Among 269 CHR individuals, 50 (18.6%) developed psychosis by two years. Univariate and machine learning techniques were used to compare levels of inflammatory markers in CHR subjects and healthy controls, and in CHR subjects who had (CHR-t), or had not (CHR-nt) transitioned to psychosis...

OBJECTIVE: The aim: To assess the role of circulating IL-6 & NKG2D in the prognosis of pituitary adenoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and methods: Thirty female with new diagnosis of prolactinoma (pituitary gland adenoma) were enrolled in the study. ELISA test was used to evaluate the level of IL6 and NKG2D. ELISA tests were conducted before the initiation of treatment and six months later. RESULTS: Results: There are significant differences in mean levels of IL-6 and NKG2D, and the anatomical type (tumor size) (-418...

Purpose: Failure of rapid re-epithelialization within 10-14 days after corneal injury, even with standard supportive treatment, is referred to as persistent corneal epithelial (CE) defect (PED). Though an array of genes regulates reepithelization, their mechanisms are poorly understood. We sought to understand the network of genes driving the re-epithelialization in PED. Method: After obtaining informed consent, patients underwent an ophthalmic examination. Epithelial scrapes and tears samples of six PED patients and six individuals (control) undergoing photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) were collected...

Psoriasis, due to its unique pathological manifestations and the limited success of existing therapeutic modalities, demands dedicated domain research. Our group has developed nanotherapeutics consisting of bioactives such as Thymoquinone (TQ) and Fulvic acid (FA), which have been successfully incorporated into a Nanoemulsion gel (NEG), taking kalonji oil as oil phase. The composition is aimed at ameliorating psoriasis with better therapeutic outcomes. TQ is a natural bio-active that has been linked to anti-psoriatic actions...

A significant health issue, reproductive toxicity is mostly linked to exposure to various environmental heavy metals. A pervasive toxin that occurs naturally in the environment is arsenic (As). This research was done to determine the effects of various doses of inorganic As supplements on the reproductive organs of adult male white Pekin ducks. A total of 240 numbers of 14-days-old male white Pekin ducks were weighed and randomly assigned into 4 experimental groups with six replicates (10 ducklings in each replicate)...

BACKGROUND: The global COVID-19 pandemic led to substantial clinical and economic outcomes with catastrophic consequences. While the majority of cases has mild to moderate disease, minority of patients progress into severe disease secondary to the stimulation of the immune response. The hyperinflammatory state contributes towards progression into multi-organ failure which necessitates suppressive therapy with variable outcomes. This study aims to explore the safety and efficacy of anakinra in COVID-19 patients with severe disease leading to cytokine release syndromes...

BACKGROUND: Circulating levels of arginine vasopressin (AVP) are elevated during cardiac stress and this could be a factor in cardiac inflammation and fibrosis. Herein, we studied the effects of AVP on interleukin-1β (IL-1β) production and the role(s) of β-arrestin2-dependent signaling in murine heart. METHODS: The levels of IL-1β mRNA and protein in adult rat cardiofibroblasts (ARCFs) was measured using quantitative PCR and ELISA, respectively...

BACKGROUND: Immunological alterations in schizophrenic patients have been considered during last decade. There are no remarkable reports on the changes of IL-17A and IL-21 in schizophrenic patients. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate changes of serum IL-17A and IL-21 in schizophrenic patients in comparison with healthy controls. METHODS: In the present study serum levels of IL-17A and IL-21 in 30 patients with schizophrenia before treatment and three months after treatment were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and compare to 30 match healthy control group...

Pro-inflammatory macrophage polarization is crucial in acute inflammatory diseases like Acute lung injury (ALI), and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is believed to promote inflammation in such cases. Therefore, our study aimed to deliver anti-prostaglandin E synthase 2 small interfering RNA antibodies (anti-PGE2-siRNA) through lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) in RAW264.7 (The murine macrophage cell line) to find a possible cure to the acute inflammatory diseases. LNPs were synthesized by using thin layer evaporation method and were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), Zeta potential, SEM and TEM analysis...

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