Radiologist

In chest X-ray (CXR) image analysis, rule-based systems are usually employed to extract labels from reports, but concerns exist about label quality. These datasets typically offer only presence labels, sometimes with binary uncertainty indicators, which limits their usefulness. In this work, we present MAPLEZ (Medical report Annotations with Privacy-preserving Large language model using Expeditious Zero shot answers), a novel approach leveraging a locally executable Large Language Model (LLM) to extract and enhance findings labels on CXR reports...

Saliency maps are popularly used to "explain" decisions made by modern machine learning models, including deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs). While the resulting heatmaps purportedly indicate important image features, their "trustworthiness," i.e., utility and robustness, has not been evaluated for musculoskeletal imaging. The purpose of this study was to systematically evaluate the trustworthiness of saliency maps used in disease diagnosis on upper extremity X-ray images. The underlying DCNNs were trained using the Stanford MURA dataset...

PURPOSE: Augmented reality (AR) is an innovative approach that could assist percutaneous procedures; by directly seeing "through" a phantom, targeting a lesion might be more intuitive than using ultrasound (US). The objective of this study was to compare the performance of experienced interventional radiologists and operators untrained in soft tissue lesion puncture using AR guidance and standard US guidance. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Three trained interventional radiologists with 5-10 years of experience and three untrained operators performed punctures of five targets in an abdominal phantom, with US guidance and AR guidance...

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: This study investigates the performance of tomosynthesis in the presence of osteosynthetic implants, aiming to overcome superimposition-induced limitations in conventional radiograms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: After surgical fracture induction and subsequent osteosynthesis, 8 cadaveric fracture models (wrist, metacarpus, ankle, metatarsus) were scanned with the prototypical tomosynthesis mode of a multiuse x-ray system. Tomosynthesis protocols at 60, 80, and 116 kV (sweep angle 10°, 13 FPS) were compared with standard radiograms...

OBJECTIVES: Unexpected accumulations of gadolinium in various organs were reported after the administration of gadolinium-based contrast agents, making desirable to reduce the dose while maintaining equivalent diagnostic performance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the contrast enhancement performance of high relaxivity gadopiclenol compared with gadoterate meglumine in abdominal contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (CE-MRA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a first study in healthy rabbits, axial 3D gradient echo sequences were applied at 4...

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the role of high-resolution ultrasound (HR-US) in the initial and differential diagnosis of the Odontogenic Cutaneous Sinus Tract (OCST) in a multicentric setting. METHODS: Skin HR-US examinations of OCSTs performed between January 2019 and June 2023 at different Institutions were retrospectively reviewed. Epidemiological and clinical data (age, gender, location of the skin lesion, causative tooth, and the clinical suspicion) as well as HR-US imaging findings (morphology and length of the sinus tract, Doppler signal, and cortical bone interruption of maxilla or mandible) were collected...

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of panoramic radiographs (PAN) with cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in locating the position of the mandibular foramen (MF). PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 100 patients who underwent CBCT and panoramic imaging were included in the study. The location of the MF was evaluated anterior-posteriorly and superior-inferiorly on both CBCT and panoramic radiographs. Measurements were taken by two examiners, reviewed by a radiologist, and intra-examiner variability was assessed...

BACKGROUND/AIM: Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors (IMTs) are rare, solid, potentially malignant lesions of uncertain etiology. Histologically, IMTs exhibit a combination of lymphocytes and inflammatory cells within a fibroblastic myxoid layer. The diagnosis of IMTs poses a challenge for various medical specialties, including surgeons, pathologists, and oncologists, due to their non-specific clinical presentation. Furthermore, radiologists face difficulties in interpreting computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) results, which often yield polymorphic and inconclusive findings...

Pulmonary disease identification and characterization are among the most intriguing research topics of recent years since they require an accurate and prompt diagnosis. Although pulmonary radiography has helped in lung disease diagnosis, the interpretation of the radiographic image has always been a major concern for doctors and radiologists to reduce diagnosis errors. Due to their success in image classification and segmentation tasks, cutting-edge artificial intelligence techniques like machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) are widely encouraged to be applied in the field of diagnosing lung disorders and identifying them using medical images, particularly radiographic ones...

OBJECTIVE: Non-contrast computed tomography (CT) of the brain is a primary neuroimaging modality in emergency patients suspected of having cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST). The objective of the study was to determine the diagnostic accuracy of Hounsfield unit (HU) values and the ratio of HU to hematocrit value (HU/Htc) in predicting CVST in suspected patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective, case-control study was done in a tertiary care institute which included 35 patients with CVST constituted as cases and 41 patients without CVST as controls on the basis of magnetic resonance venography (MRV)...

A challenge in accurately identifying and classifying left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is distinguishing it from hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and Fabry disease. The reliance on imaging techniques often requires the expertise of multiple specialists, including cardiologists, radiologists, and geneticists. This variability in the interpretation and classification of LVH leads to inconsistent diagnoses. LVH, HCM, and Fabry cardiomyopathy can be differentiated using T1 mapping on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)...

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BACKGROUND: Criteria for multiple sclerosis (MS) diagnosis rely upon clinical and paraclinical data that are supportive of MS in the absence of a better explanation. Patients referred for consideration of a MS diagnosis often undergo an extensive serologic workup including antinuclear antibody (ANA) testing, even when an individual already meets diagnostic criteria for MS. It is unclear whether ANA serostatus is associated with clinical outcomes in MS. The present study aims to determine if ANA seropositivity in those referred with concern for MS differs in those who meet 2017 revised McDonald criteria compared to those who did not receive a diagnosis of MS...

INTRODUCTION: Pelvic fracture urethral injury (PFUI) is more severe in younger individuals. The adolescent group is prone to protracted morbidity due to severity of the injury and its impact on lifestyle. Hence, treatment options and data on outcomes are crucial in planning management. The adolescents are a subgroup in several series of PFUI, but literature exclusively studying this group is sparse. MATERIALS & METHODS: A retrospective review of all adolescents (aged between 10 and 19 years as defined by WHO) who underwent surgical repair for PFUI between January 2005 and December 2019 was conducted...

PURPOSE: To evaluate the outcomes of fluoroscopic versus portable placement of peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) and central venous catheters (CVCs) in pediatric patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a single-center, retrospective review of 346 upper-extremity PICCs (286 fluoroscopic, 60 portable), mean age = 9.83 ± 5.58 years, 49.1% female; and 138 tunneled femoral CVCs (56 fluoroscopic, 82 portable), mean age = .23 ± .36 years, 57.0% female...

BACKGROUND: Accurate pedicle screw placement is a challenge with reported misplacement rates of 10% and higher. A handheld navigation device (HND) may provide accuracy equal to CT-based navigation (CT-Nav) but without the cost and complexity. OBJECTIVE: To study the accuracy of a handheld navigation device for pedicle screw placement. STUDY DESIGN: This prospective cross-sectional study with consistently applied reference standard enrolled 20 patients undergoing 92 pedicle screw placements...

Aortic diseases require a multidisciplinary management for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up with better outcomes in referral centers using a team-based approach. The setting up of a multi-disciplinary aortic team for the discussion of complex cases has been already proposed; it is also supported by the ACC/AHA. Surgeons and radiologists, more or less other physicians such as cardiologists, geneticists, rheumatologists/internal medicine specialists and pathologists are involved into such a team. The role of the cardiovascular pathologist is to examine the aortic specimens, to diagnose and classify the aortic lesions...

OBJECTIVE: To determine cancer visualization utility and radiation dose for non-implant-displaced (ID) views using standard protocol with digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) vs alternative protocol with 2D only when screening women with implant augmentation. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study identified women with implants who underwent screening DBT examinations that had abnormal findings from July 28, 2014, to December 31, 2021. Three fellowship-trained breast radiologists independently reviewed examinations retrospectively to determine if the initially identified abnormalities could be visualized on standard protocol (DBT with synthesized 2D (S2D) for ID and non-ID views) and alternate protocol (DBT with S2D for ID and only the S2D images for non-ID views)...

Lung transplantation has become the definitive treatment for end stage respiratory disease. Numbers and survival rates have increased over the past decade, with transplant recipients living longer and with greater comorbidities, resulting in greater complexity of care. Common and uncommon complications that occur in the immediate, early, intermediate, and late periods can have significant impact on the course of the transplant. Fortunately, advancements in surgery, medical care, and imaging as well as other diagnostics work to prevent, identify, and manage complications that would otherwise have a negative impact on survivability...

Skin and soft tissues are among the most common sites of infections. Infections can involve the superficial epidermis to deep muscles and bones. Most infections spread through contiguous structures, although hematogenous spread can occur in the setting of an immunocompromised state and with atypical infections. While clinical diagnosis of infections is possible, it often lacks specificity, necessitating the use of imaging for confirmation. Cross-sectional imaging with US, CT, and MRI is frequently performed not just for diagnosis, but to delineate the extent of infection and to aid in management...