Visual processing delay

Asynchronous digital communication is a widely applied and well-known form of information exchange. Most pieces of technology make use of some variation of asynchronous communication systems, be it messaging or email applications. This allows recipients to process digital messages immediately (synchronous) or whenever they have time (asynchronous), meaning that purely digital interruptions can be mitigated easily. Mixed Reality systems have the potential to not only handle digital interruptions but also interruptions in physical space, e...

Working memory (WM) is a central cognitive bottleneck, which has primarily been attributed to its well-known storage limit. However, relatively little is known about the processing limit during the initial memory encoding stage, which may also constrain various cognitive processes. The present study introduces a novel method using dynamic stimulus presentation and hierarchical Bayesian modeling to quantitatively estimate visual WM encoding speed. Participants performed a delayed-estimation task with two memory items continuously changing color hues in perceptually unnoticeable steps...

Reward motivation is essential in shaping human behavior and cognition. Both reward motivation and reward brain circuits are altered in chronic pain conditions, including fibromyalgia. In this study of fibromyalgia patients, we used a data-driven independent component analysis (ICA) approach to investigate how brain networks contribute to altered reward processing. From females with fibromyalgia (N = 24) and female healthy controls (N = 24), we acquired fMRI data while participants performed a monetary incentive delay (MID) reward task...

BACKGROUND: The human skeletal system relies heavily on the integrity of bones, which provide structural support and safeguard vital organs. Accurate detection is paramount for effective diagnosis. Conventional methods for identifying fractures manually are not only time-consuming but also susceptible to errors. METHODS: The proposed methodology hinges on a patch antenna operating at 2.4 GHz and a bone phantom housing a simulated fracture, where the antenna is scanned...

The brain can adapt its expectations about the relative timing of actions and their sensory outcomes in a process known as temporal recalibration. This might occur as the recalibration of timing between the sensory (e.g. visual) outcome and (1) the motor act (sensorimotor) or (2) tactile/proprioceptive information (inter-sensory). This fMRI recalibration study investigated sensorimotor contributions to temporal recalibration by comparing active and passive conditions. Subjects were repeatedly exposed to delayed (150 ms) or undelayed visual stimuli, triggered by active or passive button presses...

The foveal-feedback mechanism supports peripheral object recognition by processing information about peripheral objects in foveal retinotopic visual cortex. When a foveal object is asynchronously presented with a peripheral target, peripheral discrimination performance is affected differently depending on the relationship between the foveal and peripheral objects. However, it is not clear whether the delayed foveal input competes for foveal resources with the information processed by foveal-feedback or masks it...

Calcium is a highly demanded metal, and its transport across the intestine of Daphnia magna remains a significant unresolved question. Due to technical constraints, the visualization of the kinetic process of Ca passage through D. magna has been challenging. Here, we developed the second near-infrared Ca sensor (NIR-II Ca) and conducted real-time in vivo imaging of Ca in daphnids with a high signal-to-noise ratio, deep tissue penetration, and minimal damage. Through the utilization of the NIR-II Ca sensor, we for the first time visualized and quantified the kinetic process of Ca passage in the intestine in real time...

Birds have developed visual cognitions, especially in discriminating colors due to their four types of cones in the retina. The entopallium of birds is thought to be involved in the processing of color information during visual cognition. However, there is a lack of understanding about how functional connectivity in the entopallium region of birds changes during color cognition, which is related to various input colors. We therefore trained pigeons to perform a delayed color matching task, in which two colors were randomly presented in sample stimuli phrases, and the neural activity at individual recording site and the gamma band functional connectivity among local population in entopallium during sample presentation were analyzed...

The need for efficient video coding technology is more important than ever in the current scenario where video applications are increasing worldwide, and Internet of Things (IoT) devices are becoming widespread. In this context, it is necessary to carefully review the recently completed MPEG-5 Essential Video Coding (EVC) standard because the EVC Baseline profile is customized to meet the specific requirements needed to process IoT video data in terms of low complexity. Nevertheless, the EVC Baseline profile has a notable disadvantage...

The effect of an extremely low frequency alternating magnetic field (ELF AMF) at frequencies of 17, 48, and 95 Hz at 100 mT on free and internalized 4T1 breast cancer cell submicron magnetic mineral carriers with an anticancer drug, mitoxantrone, was shown. The alternating magnetic field (100 mT; 17, 48, 95 Hz; time of treatment-10.5 min with a 30 s delay) does not lead to the significant destruction of carrier shells and release of mitoxantrone or bovine serum albumin from them according to the data of spectrophotometry, or the heating of carriers in the process of exposure to magnetic fields...

Face identity recognition (FIR) in humans is supported by specialized neural processes whose function is spectacularly impaired when simply turning a face upside-down: the face inversion effect (FIE). While the FIE appears to have a slow developmental course, little is known about the plasticity of the neural processes involved in this effect-and in FIR in general-at adulthood. Here, we investigate whether extensive training (2 weeks, ~16 h) in young human adults discriminating a large set of unfamiliar inverted faces can reduce an implicit neural marker of the FIE for a set of entirely novel faces...

Oxidative stress has been identified as an important biological pathway leading to neurodevelopmental delay. However, studies assessing the effects of oxidative stress on cognitive outcomes during infancy, a critical period of neurodevelopment, are limited. Our analysis included a subset of those enrolled in the Illinois Kids Development Study (N = 144). Four oxidative stress biomarkers (8-isoprostane-PGF2α , 2,3-dinor-5,6-dihydro-8-iso-PGF2α , 2,3-dinor-8-iso-PGF2α , and prostaglandin-F2α ) were measured in second and third trimesters urine and were averaged...

Cognitive fatigue (CF) can lead to an increase in the latency of simple reaction time, although the processes involved in this delay are unknown. One potential explanation is that a longer time may be required for sensory processing of relevant stimuli. To investigate this possibility, the current study used a visual inspection time task to measure perceptual processing speed before and after a CF (math and memory) or non-fatiguing (documentary film) intervention. Subjective fatigue and simple reaction time significantly increased following the CF, but not the non-fatiguing intervention, confirming that CF was induced...

Haptic feedback is a method to provide tactile guidance in scenarios requiring multiple senses and divided attention like aviation. Earlier tests on a flight simulator and an in-flight test using the proposed tactile guidance method have shown the need to study its learning process. In this study, twelve participants completed two tactile guidance tasks without visual feedback across twelve sessions to analyze the learning effect. The paper shows an improvement between sessions in guidance accuracy, response time, and self-assessed workload...

PURPOSE: Reduced glucose metabolism in the hippocampus is commonly observed in cases of medial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) with hippocampal sclerosis (HS). Glucose metabolism among the various hippocampal subfields has not been thoroughly investigated. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study examined 29 patients (18 females; 15-58 years) diagnosed with HS who underwent surgery for drug-resistant epilepsy. FreeSurfer 7.1.1 was used in the processing of MRI data and 18F-FDG PET scans to derive volumetric data and the FDG SUVr in the whole hippocampus and hippocampal subfields, including the CA1, CA2-4, granule cell and molecular layer of the dentate gyrus (GC-ML-DG), and subiculum...

Oscillatory activity in the local field potential (LFP) is thought to be a marker of cognitive processes. To understand how it differentiates tasks and brain areas in humans, we recorded LFPs in 15 adults with intracranial depth electrodes, as they performed visual-spatial and shape working memory tasks. Stimulus appearance produced widespread, broad-band activation, including in occipital, parietal, temporal, insular, and prefrontal cortex, and the amygdala and hippocampus. Occipital cortex was characterized by most elevated power in the high-gamma (100-150 Hz) range during the visual stimulus presentation...

INTRODUCTION: Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) is of diagnostic and prognostic value in a range of cardiopulmonary conditions. Current methods for evaluating CMR studies are laborious and time-consuming, contributing to delays for patients. As the demand for CMR increases, there is a growing need to automate this process. The application of artificial intelligence (AI) to CMR is promising, but the evaluation of these tools in clinical practice has been limited. This study assessed the clinical viability of an automatic tool for measuring cardiac volumes on CMR...

OBJECTIVE: We investigated neuropsychological outcome in patients with pharmacoresistant pediatric-onset epilepsy caused by focal cortical dysplasia (FCD), who underwent frontal lobe resection during adolescence and young adulthood. METHODS: Twenty-seven patients were studied, comprising 15 patients who underwent language-dominant side resection (LDR) and 12 patients who had languagenondominant side resection (n-LDR). We evaluated intelligence (language function, arithmetic ability, working memory, processing speed, visuo-spatial reasoning), executive function, and memory in these patients before and two years after resection surgery...

Biliary abnormalities in children are uncommon, and the spectrum of biliary disorders is broader than in adult patients. Unlike in adults, biliary disorders in children are rarely neoplastic and are more commonly rhabdomyosarcoma rather than cholangiocarcinoma. Pediatric biliary disorders may be embryologic or congenital, such as anatomic gallbladder anomalies, anomalous pancreaticobiliary tracts, various cholestatic processes, congenital cystic lesions, or genetic conditions. They may also be benign, such as biliary filling anomalies, biliary motility disorders, and biliary inflammatory and infectious disorders...

Vision specialists will benefit from increased awareness of posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) syndrome. Failure to adequately identify the chief complaint as a visual symptom may lead to incorrect diagnosis or diagnostic delay. A previously healthy, 59-year-old woman presented with a 5-year history of 'losing her stuff'. Upon psychiatric and neuro-ophthalmological evaluation, this symptom was better recognised as a feature of visual agnosia and simultanagnosia. She also presented with multiple previously unrecognised symptoms indicative of higher visual processing dysfunction, such as alexia without agraphia, ocular motor apraxia, optic ataxia, prosopagnosia, akinetopsia and topographagnosia, so further assessment to investigate for PCA was carried out...