Muscle growth protein

Vitamin A is an essential nutrient in animals, playing important roles in animal health. In the pig industry, proper supplementation of vitamin A in the feed can improve pork production performance, while deficiency or excessive intake can lead to growth retardation or disease. However, the specific molecular mechanisms through which vitamin A operates on pig skeletal muscle growth as well as muscle stem cell function remain unexplored. Therefore, in this study, we isolated the pig primary skeletal muscle stem cells (pMuSCs) and treated with retinoic acid (RA), the natural metabolite of vitamin A, and then examined the myogenic capacity of pMuSCs via immunostaining, real-time PCR, CCK8 and western-blot analysis...

Myogenic regeneration relies on the proliferation and differentiation of satellite cells. TECRL (trans-2,3-enoyl-CoA reductase like) is an endoplasmic reticulum protein only expressed in cardiac and skeletal muscle. However, its role in myogenesis remains unknown. We show that TECRL expression is increased in response to injury. Satellite cell-specific deletion of TECRL enhances muscle repair by increasing the expression of EGR2 through the activation of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway, which in turn promotes the expression of PAX7...

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effects of Huxin formula (HXF) in curtailing atherosclerosis and its underlying mechanism. METHODS: According to random number table method, 24 specific pathogen free male ApoE-/- mice were randomly divided into model group, HXF low-dose (HXF-L) group (8.4 g/kg daily), HXF high-dose (HXF-H) group (16.8 g/kg daily), and pravastatin (8 mg/kg daily) group in Experiment I (n=6 per group). C57BL/6J mice served as the control group (n=6). ApoE-/- mice in HXF-L, HXF-H, pravastatin groups were fed a Western diet and administered continuously by gavage for 12 weeks, while C57BL/6J mice in the control group were fed conventional lab mouse chow for 12 weeks...

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of Shexiang Tongxin Dropping Pill (STDP) on angiogenesis in diabetic cardiomyopathy mice with coronary microcirculation dysfunction (CMD). METHODS: According to a random number table, 6 of 36 SPF male C57BL/6 mice were randomly selected as the control group, and the remaining 30 mice were injected with streptozotocin intraperitoneally to replicate the type 1 diabetes model. Mice successfully copied the diabetes model were randomly divided into the model group, STDP low-dose group [15 mg/(kg·d)], medium-dose group [30 mg/(kg·d)], high-dose group [60 mg/(kg·d)], and nicorandil group [15 mg/(kg·d)], 6 in each group...

BACKGROUND: Gut microbiota and their metabolites play a regulatory role in skeletal muscle growth and development, which be known as gut-muscle axis. 3-phenylpropionic acid (3-PPA), a metabolite produced by colonic microorganisms from phenylalanine in the gut, presents in large quantities in the blood circulation. But few study revealed its function in skeletal muscle development. RESULTS: Here, we demonstrated the beneficial effects of 3-PPA on muscle mass increase and myotubes hypertrophy both in vivo and vitro...

Phenotypic shift of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) plays a key role in intimal hyperplasia, especially in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). This study aimed to investigate the role of dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1) in mitochondrial fission-mediated VSMC phenotypic shift and to clarify whether DRP1 is the therapeutic target of isoliquiritigenin (ISL). Wire injury of carotid artery or platelet-derived growth factor treatment was performed in DM mice or high-glucose cultured human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs), respectively...

Desmodium caudatum extracts (DCE) were investigated for their potential therapeutic effects on diabetic nephropathy (DN). In our study, the high-fat diet (HFD) / streptozotocin (STZ)-induced DN model in C57BL/6 mice was treated with 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg DCE. The results showed that DCE decreased biochemical parameters and proteinuria levels. The kidney sections staining indicated that DCE treatment recovered glomerular atrophy and alleviated lipid droplets in the glomerular. Additionally, DCE inhibited lipid and glycogen accumulation down-regulated the expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1) and fatty acid synthase (FAS) proteins...

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are sequence-specific inhibitors of post-transcriptional gene expression. However, the physiological functions of these non-coding RNAs in renal interstitial mesenchymal cells remain unclear. To conclusively evaluate the role of miRNAs, we generated conditional knockout (cKO) mice with platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β (PDGFR-β)-specific inactivation of the key miRNA pathway gene Dicer. The cKO mice were subjected to unilateral ureteral ligation, and renal interstitial fibrosis was quantitatively evaluated using real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence staining...

The objective was to understand the impacts of secondary lipid oxidation products on calpain-2 activity and autolysis and, subsequently, to determine the quantity and localization of modification sites. 2-Hexenal and 4-hydroxynonenal incubation significantly decreased calpain-2 activity and slowed the progression of autolysis, while malondialdehyde had minimal impact on calpain-2 activity and autolysis. Specific modification sites were determined with LC-MS/MS, including distinct malondialdehyde modification sites on the calpain-2 catalytic and regulatory subunits...

BACKGROUND: Proliferating cancer cells shift their metabolism towards glycolysis, even in the presence of oxygen, to especially generate glycolytic intermediates as substrates for anabolic reactions. We hypothesize that a similar metabolic remodelling occurs during skeletal muscle hypertrophy. METHODS: We used mass spectrometry in hypertrophying C2C12 myotubes in vitro and plantaris mouse muscle in vivo and assessed metabolomic changes and the incorporation of the [U-13 C6 ]glucose tracer...

AIM: In cyclic climate variations, including seasonal changes, many animals regulate their energy demands to overcome critical transitory moments, restricting their high-demand activities to phases of resource abundance, enabling rapid growth and reproduction. Tegu lizards (Salvator merianae) are ectotherms with a robust annual cycle, being active during summer, hibernating during winter, and presenting a remarkable endothermy during reproduction in spring. Here, we evaluated whether changes in mitochondrial respiratory physiology in skeletal muscle could serve as a mechanism for the increased thermogenesis observed during the tegu's reproductive endothermy...

BACKGROUND: The fusiform aneurysm is a nonsaccular dilatation affecting the entire vessel wall over a short distance. Although PDGFRB somatic variants have been identified in fusiform intracranial aneurysms, the molecular and cellular mechanisms driving fusiform intracranial aneurysms due to PDGFRB somatic variants remain poorly understood. METHODS: In this study, single-cell sequencing and immunofluorescence were employed to investigate the phenotypic changes in smooth muscle cells within fusiform intracranial aneurysms...

Organismal growth and lifespan are inextricably linked. Target of Rapamycin (TOR) signalling regulates protein production for growth and development, but if reduced, extends lifespan across species. Reduction in the enzyme RNA polymerase III, which transcribes tRNAs and 5S rRNA, also extends longevity. Here, we identify a temporal genetic relationship between TOR and Pol III in Caenorhabditis elegans , showing that they collaborate to regulate progeny production and lifespan. Interestingly, the lifespan interaction between Pol III and TOR is only revealed when TOR signaling is reduced, specifically in adulthood, demonstrating the importance of timing to control TOR regulated developmental versus adult programs...

We recently showed that the ratio of capillaries/myofibers in skeletal muscle, which accounts for 80% of insulin-directed glucose uptake and metabolism, was reduced in baboon fetuses in which estrogen was suppressed by maternal letrozole administration. Since vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) promotes angiogenesis, the present study determined the impact of estrogen deprivation on fetal skeletal muscle VEGF expression and capillary development and long-term vascular and metabolic function in 4-8 year old adult offspring...

Calpains are cysteine proteinases responsible for many biological roles in muscle, including protein degradation, muscle growth, and myoblast fusion. Calpains are inhibited by calpastatin, an endogenous inhibitor. Other factors, such as variations in pH, ionic strength, and oxidation influence calpain activity. This study aimed to determine the extent to which oxidation influences calpastatin inhibition of calpain-1. A series of order of addition assays were used to determine calpain-1 calcium activation and autolysis after exposure to an oxidizing agent (N-ethylmaleimide [NEM] or hydrogen peroxide [H2O2]...

Tendons are fibroblastic structures that link muscle and bone. There are two kinds of tendon injuries, including acute and chronic. Each form of injury or deterioration can result in significant pain and loss of tendon function. The recovery of tendon damage is a complex and time-consuming recovery process. Depending on the anatomical location of the tendon tissue, the clinical outcomes are not the same. The healing of the wound process is divided into three stages that overlap: inflammation, proliferation, and tissue remodeling...

This study aimed to investigate the effects of different proportions of dietary fermented sweet potato residue (FSPR) supplementation as a substitute for corn on the nutrient digestibility, meat quality, and intestinal microbes of yellow-feathered broilers. Experiment 1 (force-feeding) evaluated the nutrient composition and digestibility of mixtures with different proportions of sweet potato residue (70%, 80%, 90%, and 100%) before and after fermentation. In Experiment 2 (metabolic growth), a total of 420 one-day-old yellow-feathered broilers were randomly allocated to 4 groups and fed corn-soybean meal-based diets with 0, 5%, 8%, and 10% FSPR as a substitute for corn...

Lead (Pb) is a nonessential heavy metal, which can cause many health problems. Isochlorogenic acid A (ICAA), a phenolic acid present in tea, fruits, vegetables, coffee, plant-based food products, and various medicinal plants, exerts multiple effects, including anti-oxidant, antiviral, anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic functions. Thus, the purpose of our study was to determine if ICAA could prevent Pb-induced hepatotoxicity in ICR mice. An evaluation was performed on oxidative stress, inflammation and fibrosis, and related signaling...

In the literature, there is a paucity of methods and tools that allow the identification of biomarkers of authenticity to discriminate organic and non-organic chicken meat products. Shotgun proteomics is a powerful tool that allows the investigation of the entire proteome of a muscle and/or meat sample. In this study, a shotgun proteomics approach using Sequential Window Acquisition of All Theoretical Mass Spectra (SWATH-MS) has been applied for the first time to characterize and identify candidate protein biomarkers of authenticity in post-mortem chicken Pectoralis major muscles produced under organic and non-organic farming systems (antibiotic-free)...

Sex-determining region Y-box 2 (SOX2) is a transcription factor with a central role in embryologic development. SOX2 is also an oncogene in several cancer types. Prior work by our group has shown SOX2 activity associates with cell cycle dysregulation in early-stage bladder cancer. The present study was thus undertaken to broadly investigate SOX2 in bladder cancer, with emphasis on associations with tumor stage, clinical outcomes, and tumorigenicity. Gene expression was quantified by immunohistochemistry in an established tissue microarray (n=303 cystectomy specimens, all stages) and whole tissue sections of noninvasive papillary urothelial carcinoma (n=25)...