Casein

Milk protein content is an important index to evaluate the quality and nutrition of milk. Accumulating evidence suggests that microRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in bovine lactation, but little is known regarding the cross-kingdom regulatory roles of plant-derived exogenous miRNAs (xeno-miRNAs) in milk protein synthesis, particularly the underlying molecular mechanisms. The purpose of this study was to explore the regulatory mechanism of alfalfa-derived xeno-miRNAs on proliferation and milk protein synthesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs)...

As glycosylations are difficult to analyze, their roles and effects are poorly understood. Glycosylations in human milk (HM) differ across lactation. Glycosylations can be involved in antimicrobial activities and may serve as food for beneficial microorganisms. This study aimed to identify and analyze O-linked glycans in HM by high-throughput mass spectrometry. 184 longitudinal HM samples from 66 donors from day 3 and months 1, 2, and 3 postpartum were subjected to a post-translational modification specific enrichment-based strategy using TiO2 and ZrO2 beads for O-linked glycopeptide enrichment...

The effect of a casein hydrolysate (CH) on the fermentation and quality of a naturally-fermented buckwheat sourdough (NFBS) were investigated, through assessing the fermentation characteristics, carbohydrate and protein degradation, texture, and bacterial composition of NFBS. According to the assaying data, CH might both increase the amount of lactic acid bacteria by 2.62 % and shorten the fermentation period by at least 3 h, subsequently leading to enhanced degradation of carbohydrate and protein, accompanied by a softer texture...

In response to the escalating threat of drug-resistant fungi to human health, there is an urgent need for innovative strategies. Our focus is on addressing this challenge by exploring a previously untapped target, yeast casein kinase (Yck2), as a potential space for antifungal development. To identify promising antifungal candidates, we conducted a thorough screening of the diverse-lib drug-like molecule library, comprising 99,288 molecules. Five notable drug-like compounds with diverse-lib IDs 24334243, 24342416, 17516746, 17407455, and 24360740 were selected based on their binding energy scores surpassing 11 Kcal/mol...

Whey, a component of milk and a useful by-product of the dairy industry's casein and cheese-making, has been used for generations to augment animal feed. It contains a range of proteins, including α -lactalbumin, β -lactoglobulin, bovine serum albumin, heavy and light chain immunoglobulins, lactoferrin, glycomacropeptide, and lactoperoxidase. Whey proteins exhibit great potential as biopolymers for creating bioactive delivery systems owing to their distinct health-enhancing characteristics and the presence of numerous amino acid groups within their structures...

Casein (CN) is the primary allergenic protein in cow's milk, contributing to the worldwide escalating prevalence of food allergies. However, there remains limited knowledge regarding the effect of structural modifications on CN allergenicity. Herein, we prepared three modified CNs (mCN), including sodium dodecyl sulfate and dithiothreitol-induced linear CN (LCN), transglutaminase-cross-linked CN (TCN), and glucose-glycated CN (GCN). The electrophoresis results indicated widespread protein aggregation among mCN, causing variations in their molecular weights...

Neuropsychiatric disorders such as major depressive disorders and schizophrenia are often associated with disruptions to the normal 24 h sleep wake cycle. Casein kinase 1 (CK1δ) is an integral part of the molecular machinery that regulates circadian rhythms. Starting from a cluster of bicyclic pyrazoles identified from a virtual screening effort, we utilized structure-based drug design to identify and reinforce a unique "hinge-flip" binding mode that provides a high degree of selectivity for CK1δ versus the kinome...

Despite limited supporting evidence, the practice of thickening breast milk or infant formula with commercially available thickening agents is prevalent. This study explored the viscosity-enhancing impact of carob bean gum (CBG) and sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC) when added to infant formula at various concentrations and for different thickening durations. The findings indicate that thickening leads to an exponential increase in milk viscosity, from 25% of the recommended dosage onward. This suggests that minor adjustments in dosage can significantly impact formula thickness, underscoring the importance of accurately dosing and preparing infant milk...

Different molecular classifications for gastric cancer (GC) have been proposed based on multi-omics platforms with the long-term goal of improved precision treatment. However, the GC (phospho)proteome remains incompletely characterized, particularly at the level of tyrosine phosphorylation. In addition, previous multiomics-based stratification of patient cohorts has lacked identification of corresponding cell line models and comprehensive validation of broad or subgroup-selective therapeutic targets. To address these knowledge gaps, we applied a reverse approach, undertaking the most comprehensive (phospho)proteomic analysis of GC cell lines to date and cross-validating this using publicly available data...

The lactation character of dairy goats is the most important characteristic, and milk protein is an important index to evaluate milk quality. Casein accounts for more than 80% of the total milk protein in goat milk and is the main component of milk protein. Using GMECs (goat mammary epithelial cells) as the research object, the CHECK2 vector of the CSN1S1 gene and the overexpression vector of pcDNA 3.1 were constructed, and the mimics of miR-2284b and the interfering RNA of CSN1S1 were synthesized. Using PCR, RT-qPCR, a dual luciferase activity detection system, EdU, CCK8, cell apoptosis detection and ELISA detection, we explored the regulatory mechanism and molecular mechanism of miR-2284b regulation of αs1-casein synthesis in GMECs...

This study used glucose, fructose, maltose and dextran to explore the effects of different carbohydrates on the Maillard reaction of casein phosphopeptides (CPP). The color parameter results showed that heating time from 1 to 5 h led to brown color, which was consistent with the observed increased in browning intensity. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results verified that four carbohydrates reacted with CPP to produce Maillard conjugates. Fluorescence spectroscopy showed that the Maillard reaction changed the tertiary structure of CPP by decreasing the intrinsic fluorescence intensity and surface hydrophobicity compared with the CPP-carbohydrate mixture...

OBJECTIVES: This study was aimed to obtain an experimental bleaching agent by adding casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) in order to eliminate the mineral loss on the tooth surface after bleaching and to evaluate the bleaching effectiveness. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, experimental bleaching agents containing 1%, 3% CPP-ACP and without CPP-ACP were obtained. Bleaching effectiveness (color change), the effect of bleaching agents on mineral content (energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy), surface morphology (scanning electron microscope), and surface hardness of enamel (Vicker's microhardness) before and after bleaching were evaluated...

Casein forms diverse structures with functionalities tunable by complexation with surfactants, and shellac is an emerging surfactant. In the present work, molecular and mesoscopic structures of shellac and micellar casein and the underlying interactions after treatment with a pH-cycle were investigated. Dispersions with 0.5 % w/v shellac and various shellac:casein mass ratios were prepared at pH 12.0 to dissolve shellac and dissociate casein micelles, followed by neutralization to pH 7...

Simvastatin (SV) is a statin drug that can effectively control cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular diseases. However, SV is water-insoluble, and poor oral bioavailability (<5 %). Solid self-emulsifying carrier system is more stable than liquid emulsions, facilitating to improve the solubility and bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. In the present study, a solid self-emulsifying carrier stabilized by casein (Cas-SSE) was successfully used to load SV to improve its solubility in water, by formulation selection and emulsification process optimization...

This research compared the effects of dry heating on the digestion of goat milk proteins with different casein-to-whey ratios (40% casein, C40 and 80% casein, C80). The glycation markers of heated samples were determined by LC-MS. Heating at 60 °C for 8 h induced early glycation while heating at 60 °C for 72 h induced advanced glycation. Unheated C80 samples showed a higher digestibility than unheated C40 samples, which may be due to their higher protein solubility. After dry heating for 72 h, no significant difference in digestibility was observed between C80 and C40 samples...

The activation of Homo sapiens Casein lysing protease P (HsClpP) by a chemical or genetic strategy has been proved to be a new potential therapy in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, limited efficacy has been achieved with classic agonist imipridone ONC201 . Here, a novel class of HsClpP agonists is designed and synthesized using a ring-opening strategy based on the lead compound 1 reported in our previous study. Among these novel scaffold agonists, compound 7k exhibited remarkably enhanced proteolytic activity of HsClpP (EC50 = 0...

BACKGROUND: The adhesion of probiotics to the intestine is crucial to their probiotic function. Tremella polysaccharides (TPS) (with sodium casein) have shown the potential in previous studies to encapsulate probiotics and protect them in the simulated gastrointestinal tract. This paper further explored the effect of TPS (with sodium casein) on the adhesion of probiotics. RESULTS: Lactobacillus plantarum was coated in different proportions in TPS and sodium casein and then freeze-drying...

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer (BC/BRCA) is the most common carcinoma in women. The average 5-year survival rate of BC patients with stage IV disease is 26%. A considerable proportion of patients still do not receive effective therapy. It is an unmet need to identify novel biomarkers for BC patients. Herein, we evaluated whether the programmed cell death protein 1/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) status is associated with the clinical outcomes of BC, based on data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)...

Developing novel antimicrobial wound dressings that have the potential to address the challenges associated with chronic wounds is highly imperative in providing effective infection control and wound healing support. Biocompatible electrospun nanofibers with their high porosity and surface area enabling efficient drug loading and delivery have been investigated in this regard as viable candidates for chronic wound care. Here, we design Casein/Polyvinyl alcohol (CAN/PVA) nanofibers reinforced with silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) by the electrospinning technique to develop diabetic wound healing scaffolds...

Colorectal cancer (CRC), a major global health concern, may be influenced by dietary protein digestibility impacting gut microbiota and metabolites, which is crucial for cancer therapy effectiveness. This study explored the effects of a casein protein diet (CTL) versus a free amino acid (FAA)-based diet on CRC progression, gut microbiota, and metabolites using carcinogen-induced (AOM/DSS) and spontaneous genetically induced ( ApcMin/+ mice) CRC mouse models. Comprehensive approaches including 16s rRNA gene sequencing, transcriptomics, metabolomics, and immunohistochemistry were utilized...